The production and use of ATP in living organisms

Adenosine Triphosphate, also known as ATP, is the molecule responsible for the energy that we, and all other organisms, need to survive. It is produced primarily in the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration by oxidative and substrate phosphorylation. 4 molecules of ATP are produced from 4 ADP and 4 inorganic phosphates in glycolysis in the cytoplasm of every cell, by the oxidation of a triose phosphate into two molecules of pyruvate.In anaerobic respiration these are the only 4 ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose as there is no oxygen available for the link reaction or electron transport chain to occur in the cytoplasm, instead the pyruvate molecules are reduced into either lactate in muscles or ethanol and CO2 in yeast. However 2 ATP molecules are used in the phosphorylation of glucose at the start of glycolysis so the net product of anaerobic respiration is just 2 ATP. In aerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondrial matrix where they un dergo the link reaction, releasing one CO2 molecule and one NADH each.This leaves two acetyl co-enzyme A molecules which enter the Krebs cycle to release another 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH each. So far we have a net production of 4 ATP (subtracting the 2 used in glycolysis). The electron transport chain is where the majority of ATP is produced. 10 NADH and 2 FADH (produced from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle) are oxidised to NAD and FAD, releasing 12 hydrogens. These hydrogens are split into protons and electrons.The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial cristae, releasing energy at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. Due to this gradient, the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inner membrane. This movement of protons allows 28 ADP and 28 inorganic phosph ates to form 28 ATP molecules, while the protons and electrons are left to react with oxygen to form H2O.Overall, respiration produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, making it a very efficient source of energy. A small amount of ATP is also produced in photosynthesis, specifically in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Once photoexcitation has taken place, the two electrons released from a chlorophyll molecule move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier. This energy allows ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP in the same way as the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration.As you can see the production of ATP is not simple, but it is necessary due to its large number of uses in living organisms. I have already mentioned the use of ATP in glycolysis in the phosphorylation of glucose, but ATP is also required in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis in the stroma. RuBP is converted i nto 2 GP molecules by the fixing of CO2. These GP molecules are then reduced to two GALP by the oxidation of NADPH to NADP and the energy released by the breaking down of an ATP molecule into an ADP and an inorganic phosphate.Some of this GALP is used in the making of glucose, while most of it is recycled back into RuBP again by the energy released from the breaking of a single bond in an ATP molecule to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate, thus allowing the cycle to continue. An ATP molecule is able to provide energy due to the fact that breaking bonds releases energy. But for bonds to be made, energy is required. This is a key use of ATP in living organisms as it is essential that we can synthesise certain molecules in our bodies for growth, repair and energy stores.These synthetic reactions can also be called condensation reactions, in which two small molecules are bonded to form one larger molecule and water, for example amino acids to proteins, glycerol and fatty acids to lipid s, nucleic acids to DNA etc. Another more obvious use of ATP is in muscle contraction in animals to allow movement. The enzyme ATPase is released due to the calcium ions released in skeletal muscle tissues when an electrical impulse is received by the central nervous system.This breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing the energy required to pull the filaments of muscle tissues and therefore for the muscles to contract. ATP is also largely used in active transport of substances against a concentration gradient. ATP binds to a carrier protein bonded to a molecule or ion in low concentration on one side of a membrane, causing it to split into ADP and inorganic phosphate and causing the protein to change shape. This change in shape opens the protein to the other side of the membrane, releasing the molecule or ion into the higher concentration on the other side.The phosphate is released from the protein, allowing it to return to its original shape and for ATP to again form from ADP and phosphate. An example of this in plants would be the active transport of mineral ions into the xylem from the endodermal cells in roots, creating a lower water potential in the xylem so water can move from the endodermal cells into the xylem to the be used in cells for processes such as photosynthesis. An example of active transport in animals is the absorption of glucose in the small intestine.A sodium potassium pump requires ATP to pump sodium out of the epithelial cells of the intestine and into the blood stream, against a concentration gradient. This creates a concentration gradient of sodium from the ileum to the epithelial cells, causing sodium ions to move into the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion by a sodium glucose co-transport protein, bringing with it any glucose molecules in the intestine. These are not the only examples of ways in which ATP is used but they are the most common and most important ones and highlight how hugely important ATP is for all living organisms.

Macbeth Act 5 Scene 3 Essay

In William Shakespeare’s Act 5 Scene 3 of Macbeth, a complete different side of Macbeth is revealed. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a man who cannot even stand up for himself, and a man who completely relies on his wife to make major decisions. Then the very next day Macbeth becomes a man who murder, the king Duncan, and then two servants, and later his best friend Banquo. This man, Macbeth, is a psychopath, he see’s s ghost of Banquo during a dinner banquet. Finally Macbeth even kills a defenseless woman and her innocent child. Macbeth’s dissent to madness becomes completely evident in Act 5 Scene 3. This scene takes place in the castle of Dunsinane and is extremely important for it revels Mactheth’s change over the course of the play and his character. In this scene Macbeth has totally become a tyrant king who is filled with anger, hate and cockiness. In the beginning of the scene he takes his anger out on the messenger by calling him a â€Å"creamfaced loon† (Act 5. 3. 12) This response to the messenger is important for it shows how Macbeth is filled with rage and how he is a tyrant. His abuse of power as king is also revealed when he becomes enraged at the doctor by saying â€Å"throw psychic to the dogs†. This shows his impatience with the doctor for not being able to curing Lady Macbeth. (5. 3. 57-78) Macbeth continues to insult the doctor. He says to cure â€Å"cleanse the bosom of the perilous stuff†. The doctors is very insulted and states that profit again will never motivate him to come back to help Macbeth. Also in this scene Macbeth acts oddly, for example he wants to wear his armor much before the battle starts. Macbeth truly acts like a tyrant in this scene. He tells his assistant Seyton to â€Å"hang anyone who talks of fear†. (5. 3. 42) Macbeth’s interactions with others such as the doctor and messenger and Seyton show his irrationality and even allude to his insanity. This scene in Macbeth is very important for it shows the character of Macbeth which confirms his tyranny and how he is not fit to be king. Finally this scene shows how Macbeth is the sickness for Scotland. This scene also shows the importance of Macbeth being overthrown by Malcolm so that the tyranny caused by Macbeth would end.

A Review Of The Slumdog Millionaire English Literature Essay

A Review Of The Slumdog Millionaire English Literature Essay It’s about a boy who wins one hundred million ruprees on a quiz and he knows the answer to every single question because he every story of his life is an answer to one question. The story is about Ram Mohammed Thomas, the night after he took part to a quiz Who Will Win A Billion he gets arrested. they think he might have cheated because he had all the answers right, but they can’t find any proof. The police tortures him but he doesn’t confess. While they are torturing him a woman walks in on them and claims to be his lawyer. She takes him to her house and he tells her his story by every question he answered. Ram is born in Faharganj where his mother abandoned him and left him for a door of a church in Delhi. He grows up with father Timothy the priest. He learns him to read and speak English. He learns the Christian religion and what is inscribed on a cross. This is the answer to the second question. When father Timothy dies Ram goes to a orphan home in Delhi. He re he meets Salim, he becomes best friends with him. One day they make a field trip to a circus. They meet up with a fortune teller and he sees bad luck for Ram and gives him a lucky coin. One day a man (Maman) comes to pick out one outstanding boy from the orphan house. He comes every year and the children think you get to go to a good school and become rich. He picks Salim, but the owner of the orphan house will only give him Salim if he takes Ram too. So the man takes them. They go to Mamans house and get a good room and food three times a day. But there are only kids with disabilities. Kids who miss a leg or can’t see. Maman thinks that Salim can sing really good and he gives him a teacher for singing. They learn one song in particular. When they found out that Maman tortures the kids and amputates legs so the kids make more money on the street they ran away. This is the answer to the fourth question. What is the name of the song. when they ran away from Maman they know w here to go. One boy told them he got money from a nice actress if he hadn’t got enough money for Maman and she needed a maid. So they go to her house but she can only apply one maid so she picks Ram and rents a chawl for Ram and Salim nearby. The woman (Neelima Kumari) was a really good actress with lots of awards. She showed him every movie and award. After a while Ram moves in with her so he could do more work he also had to cook. One day Neelima asks him to go to the chawl for one night. Ram knows that she is meeting with a man. He wants to meet him so he goes to her apartment but stay outside. When the lover comes out Ram takes a look and goes inside and finds Neelima all beaten up and has burned cigarette hulls on her breast. This story gives him the answer to the tenth question: what is the highest award Neelima Kumari has won?

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the Essay - 1

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the rest of the world to know that most of us who are not from there don't yet know - Essay Example True to their culture, the Emiratis or the people of UAE display these highly prized virtues and are known to be extremely courteous and hospitable hosts to the foreign visitors. They are genuinely friendly and warm and practice religious tolerance towards people of other cultures and nationalities while following their own (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The capital city, Abu Dhabi, charms its visitors with its amazing combination of cultural heritage and cosmopolitan outlook that go hand-in-hand. The people of UAE are extremely open-minded and hold liberal attitudes toward foreigners and international visitors which set them apart from other Islamic countries. The UAE nationals are particularly keen on observing etiquettes and expect others to do the same. Appropriate manners and courtesy are intrinsic to the culture, making it one of the safest countries to travel especially for women and children travelling alone. The police are known to be extremely helpful and respectful and are accessible to those in need, at all times (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The fact that UAE is the worlds fastest growing tourist destinations further accentuate the warm, welcoming and hospitable nature of the Emiratis offering an intriguing mix of culture and a safe and welcoming environment (Emirates.org, 2014). Abu Dhabi (2014). Abu Dhabi – culture and lifestyle [Online] Available at: [Accessed: Feb 27,

Justification and future work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Justification and future work - Essay Example In spite of the recent advances in treatment including chemotherapy, the survival rate of advanced colon cancer is rather poor. Hence, several institutions worldwide are funding high quality research on colorectal cancer every year to address some basic questions about the causes and ways to better prevent and treat this malignant disease in the future. One of the main reasons for taking up the present project was the grant received from a Saudi Arabian university, and the reason for choosing to study colorectal cancer (CRC) under this project is that CRC is a frequently diagnosed malignancy in Saudi Arabia (Mansoor et al., 2002), constituting 5.5% of all cancers reported (Yassin et al., 2010). Furthermore, the incidence of CRC is increasing in Saudi Arabia, and is ranked fourth among all cancers in the Saudi population (Aljebreen, 2007). Studies have revealed that the incidence of colonic and rectal cancers in Saudi Arabia has almost doubled between 1994 and 2003, with a four-fold i ncrease in these numbers being predicted in the next thirty years (Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign, http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=310957583707&topic=13732). Recent statistics reveal CRC to be the second most common cancer among Saudi males and the third most common among Saudi females (Al-Eid, 2004; Bavi et al., 2010). In the analysis presented by Aljebreen (2007), it is shown that Saudi patients present with CRC at a more advanced stage of the disease and at younger ages compared to Western populations. The excessive changes that have occurred in CRC incidence in recent times in Saudi Arabia suggest environmental factors, including obesity as important aetiological factors for the noted change (Uddin et al., 2009). Age-standardised death rate from colon and rectum cancers in Saudi Arabia according to WHO statistics for 2004 was 8.3 per 100,000 population [Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS), UAE, http://www.cags.org.ae/gme2cancersencolon.pdf]. Also, according to CAG S, the incidence of colon cancer among Arab populations is lower compared to other world populations. Yet in several Gulf countries including Saudi Arabia, CRC incidence in people under 40 years of age has been found to be relatively high. Considering that colorectal cancer tops the list of causes of cancer-related death among Saudi population, it was deemed important to conduct research on CRC. Hence, this project chose to study the chemotherapeutic aspects of CRC, in particular the activity of platinum-based compounds as cytotoxic agents for treatment of CRC. Future work Platinum compounds are the usual first option against colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin, a diaminocyclohexane-containing platinum analogue, shows significant cytotoxic effect in a wide range of cell lines. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of oxaliplatin monotherapy in several cancers, including colon cancer (Cvitkovic and Bekradda, 1999). Some desirable factors that are specific to oxaliplatin are its high potency even in sensitive cell lines (Woynarowski et al., 2000), and the absence of resistance due to mismatch repair deficiency (Sergent et al., 2002). Oxaliplatin activity and mechanisms of action and resistance are quite different from those of other platinum-containing compounds such as cisplatin. Peripheral neuropathy is the main side effect of oxaliplatin treatment. Satraplatin

Pricing strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Pricing strategy - Article Example the nearby neighborhood, while a bigger retail chain can focus on its promoting towards neighborhoods in a larger city , while disregarding clients in different landmasses. Geographic Segmentation is imperative and may be viewed as the first venture to worldwide advertising, emulated by demographic and psychographic division. The utilization of national guests is the institutional utilization of geographic division, despite the fact that geographic sections may be grouped by recognized land districts. Demographic division is isolating markets into diverse gatherings as indicated by their epoch, sexual, pay, ethnic group or religion of the commerce segment and the life cycle of the family. The U.S. Evaluation utilizes demographic division to archive and fragment the individuals living in the U.S. Lifestyle division, which is some of the time called psychographics. This is measured by considering the exercises, investment, and assessments (Aios) of clients. By recognizing and comprehension buyer lifestyle, organizations can create limited time blends and product offerings, which tailor to their needs. In Sales Territory Management, utilizing more than one paradigm to portray the associations accounts, for example, fragmenting deals accounts by government, business, client, and so on and record size/term, in exertion to expand time proficiency and deals volume. A standout amongst the most widely recognized pointers of high-hazard clients is a drop off in utilization of the organizations administration. For instance, in the Mastercard business this could be motioned through a clients decrease in using on his or her car Peer Reviewed: Fruit and Vegetable Pricing by Demographic Factors in the Birmingham, Alabama, Metropolitan Area, 2004-2005. 2014. Peer Reviewed: Fruit and Vegetable Pricing by Demographic Factors in the Birmingham, Alabama, Metropolitan Area, 2004-2005. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901576/. [Accessed 28

Logitechs Quality of Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Logitechs Quality of Strategy - Case Study Example Their product line incorporates Internet video cameras, mice and trackballs, keyboards, audio and telephony products, interactive gaming devices and 3D controller. Logitech's founding stones were kept in Apples, Vaud, Switzerland, in 1981 by two Stanford Masters alumni, Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, Logitech revolutionized the computer peripheral industry by introducing the first mouse ever it now leads the computer industry with a wide range of innovative products that ease the PC navigation. Logitech's specialty is creating an interface between humans and the digital domain. But what started out as a niche market is now a major business operating in more than 150 countries worldwide, maintaining an excellent global brand image with huge shelf space and an extended line of products. "Each year, we roll out 100 new products," claimed Sandro Isteri, Director Swiss Operations Logitech International recognizing the leadership of its company. Logitech's success pivots on a number of factors of which the greatest change was the recruitment of Guerrino De Luca, the current President And CEO of Logitech International, in 1997. Guerrino De Luca had the experience that Logitech needed when he became its president and chief executive officer in 1998: he was an engineer who knew marketing. Under his direction, sales of Logitech products exploded, in less then a span of seven years Logitech's Co-founder and current chairman saw its not so very competent company quadrupling profits every year and leading the charts in NASDAQ and Japanese exchange. De Luca's achievements at Logitech accounted for his outstanding leadership and innovative qualities, firm determination and above his luck, "As our luck always worked for us.." remarked De Luca while discussing he thoughts on company's performance at a quarterly meeting. Logitech's business strategy has centered on efficient pricing and innovation and the major change that De Luca brought to the company was a swing from technology-centered operations to Consumer-centered policies. He realized that despite being in the technology business, the focus should be on successfully marketing the product rather eliminating technological barriers. This is the reason why Logitech's products are efficiently designed and aesthetically developed. "People buy our mouse because it glows", said De Luca emphasizing on the need to lure customer with visual quality and design. The Key factor of De Luca's leadership was a revision of market segmentation strategies which resulted in shift from OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) products to high-margin branded commodities for the retail market. This adjustment to the target market worked wonders for Logitech as it was exposed to the mass market segment and by the Fiscal Year 2006 it generated 89% of its revenues from the retail market. In less then two years, at the brink of the Millennium posed huge threats to its closest competitor Microsoft and it now positioned itself as the company providing accessories to users of PC rather than only novel buyers. Logitech's management soon realized that in order to rule the market it was necessary to concentrate on the basic principle of Marketing and to employee the "You" attitude with the customers and actually finding out what they want rather then mere assumptions. For this purpose a more flat

Implementing a Logical Plan on Changing Management in Business Research Paper

Implementing a Logical Plan on Changing Management in Business - Research Paper Example Many industries in different sectors use different strategies in ensuring they are performing to their best. Some firms ensure they concentrate on making the best products which are attractive to the market. However, these products attract a higher price tag. On the other hand, some firms use the economies of large scale production. In such a case, the firm produces bulky products and services that are retailed at a lower price. In business terms, this strategy is known as scalping. The firm ensures it gets low profits on bulky products and services, which results to high profits in the end. However, the Zappos experience is different from the aforementioned firms. Zappos uses a number of strategies which are evidently enhancing the performance of the firm. The collective efforts from these strategies have been a success in the firm as it has grown over the years (Joseph, 2012). Apparently, the credit is given to the managers of Zappos as they have used technical and personal skills to accrue this success. It is a reward to their commitment and dedication to the firm. However, without such dedication, the positive results would not be realized. First, Zappos ensures all the strategies are applied across all their industries and business. Using such a criterion in all the sectors of the firm ensures there is leveled performance. Though the performance will vary, the difference is not much and this will not affect the business. All the industries under the Zappos umbrella have to implement all the stated strategies in making success (Chopra, 2012). Since the strategies are proven to accrue success, the Zappos firm will not have a hard time in attaining its stated goals. For instance, all the organizations have to ensure they are following the laid procedures in approaching a market. This will instill the needed demand in the market. Therefore, the industries and business will make substantial profits which are needed. Secondly, the Zappos experience is heightened by the fact that the firm has a soft spot for diversity. Diversity is where different people are employed in different department to work on particular tasks. The people that are delegated duties in the different departments have credibility and specialization in the stated sector. As such, they will employ all their technical and practical skills to make sure the firm is performing to the best outcomes (Stokes and Wilson, 2006). For instance, financial managers are employed in the financial department to deal with finance issues. Since they have ample training in the stated subject, it is almost obvious that the firm will be performing well. Similarly, the firm adores

Why poverty was re-discovered in Britain in the late 1950s and early Essay

Why poverty was re-discovered in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960 - Essay Example Britain’s share of world trade fell from 13.9% to 10.8% during this time. Taxation increased from 32% of GDP to 43% of GDP. Economic planning had failed and this failure precluded major social planning despite the fact that some social reforms such as the launch of comprehensive education, reorganization of public transport, development in health and local government. Abel-Smith and Townsend are credited with the "rediscovery of poverty" in the 1960’s: noticed that certain categories such as, families with children on low incomes and retired couples often lived in difficult circumstances. The definition of poverty adopted by Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend in their 1965 study, was the concept of â€Å"The Poor and the Poorest†. They concluded that "poverty was entirely a relative concept," and defined households to be in, or at the margins of, poverty if their income was less than "140 percent of the then current National Assistance scale plus rent". In 1960, 17.9% of households lived below this relative poverty standard. An unknown, but significantly smaller, share of the population had incomes below the "physical efficiency" or "human needs" poverty lines. (Ian Gazeley, Poverty in Britain 1900-1965) There was a strong case for saying that socially deprived families are frequently found in confined geographical areas identifiable by certain physical and social characteristics. Examples of these characteristics: geographical location, "twilight zones" near a city’s business area; areas populated by immigrants; overcrowded and poor amenities, Victorian housing stock; areas with a high percentage of unskilled and semi-skilled workers; higher than average proportions of families on State benefits; higher than normal percentage of large families; large number of fatherless families; areas with little play space and recreational facilities; areas with poorer health; high percentage of child deprivation and delinquency.

Brigham and Houston Essay Example for Free

Brigham and Houston Essay 1. Whenever we are interested in buying a bond from the bond market, the bonds issuer promises to pay back the principal (or par value) when the bond matures (Brigham and Houston, 2001). During this time, the issuer is obliged to pay interest in order to compensate the use of money. The interest payment is made on coupon rate which is fixed. There is an inverse relationship between the coupon rate and the bond prices, when: †¢ Interest rate increase, leads to rise in income, whereas the price of the bond declines. †¢ Interest rate decrease, leads to decline in income, whereas the price of the bond rises. Also we need to consider that the coupon rate is inversely related to duration because higher coupon rates lead to quicker recovery of the bond’s value, resulting in a shorter duration, relative to lower coupon rates. If coupon rate is greater than the market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is less than the market rate then it is favourable for purchaser (Brigham and Houston, 2001). The reason behind the variations in the coupon rates of various bonds is the market interest rate; company’s performance, time length, and credit worthiness of the issuer. So, all these factors have an implication on the bond yields. 2. Ratings of these bonds are determined on the basis of both qualitative and quantitative factors some of which are listed below: †¢ If a company uses conservative accounting policies, its reported earnings will be higher than if it uses less conservative procedures. †¢ Various ratios including the debt ratio and the Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio also have some implications on these bond ratings. †¢ If company explores any new sites containing oil, gas, coal fields etc. †¢ Increase in the company’s sales net profit increase both domestically and internationally also uplift the bond ratings and it showed that debt holder show the confidence on the company’s policy. Bond ratings might take a downward leap when: †¢ There is a signal of bankruptcy, internal mismanagement and financial distress in the firm (Helfert, 2001). †¢ When the company does not abide by the law, i. e. it breaches the laws, this may be related to environment, etc. †¢ When the product life cycle is going downwards and company can’t add more products in their product line. †¢ Negative bond covenants also hits the bond ratings of the company. †¢ Labour unrest or strikes may cause instability in the bonds ratings. †¢ Economic recession in the country. 3. We know that whenever the interest rate rises, bond prices tend to fall, and when rates fall, bond prices tend to rise (Helfert, 2001). This primarily occurs due to the economic condition of the country and also because of the market sentiments. If the price of the bond goes down it is less attractive (pays less interest) in comparison with current offerings and when the price of the bond goes up it is more attractive (pays more interest) in comparison with current offerings. This may also be described as when the coupon rate is greater than market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is lesser than market rate then it is favourable for the purchaser. Some bonds are sold below par value, which means (at discount) or greater than par value, which means (at premium). This mainly occurs due to the risk perceived for the debt of that particular organization. Market interest rate fluctuations usually effect the performance of the bonds in the secondary markets. Federal bank monetary and fiscal policy, inflation rate, recession in the economy, etc are the factors that may force organizations to sell the bonds at discount or at premium. One must also consider that sale of bonds on discount or at premium also has some impact on the yield and also the maturity of the bond, the shorter a bonds maturity, the less its duration. Bonds with higher yields also have lower durations. Also the company’s performance reflects in bond valuations, i. e. its bond ratings, bond covenants and credit worthiness etc (Helfert, 2001). 4. The yield to maturity (YTM) is a reflection of the return on investment, that is earned at the current price, incase the bond is held by the issuer to its date of maturity and redeemed at par value. In other words, YTM is the discount rate that equates the present value of future inflows from the bond equal to its present price.

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management Essay

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management Essay The aim of writing this report is to critically evaluate what is McDonalds approach to quality management from Customer, Franchise and Employees perspectives. Furthermore to explain how they manage service recovery, measure delivery and standards through CSO index and Crew development programme . Also to identify 3 gaps in service quality with recommendations on how they bridge it. The other aim of writing this report is to apply the Jurans theory of service quality to McDonalds. TASK1. Definition of Quality: Feigenbaum has defined Quality as: The total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. (Oakland .J.S, 2005) According to Philip B Crosby: Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, not as goodness or elegance. (Oakland, J. S.) Three stake holders of McDonalds Franchise Employees Customer Franchise Franchise system is the back bone of McDonalds success. In other words many reasons that McDonalds has been able to expand so quickly and achieve its reputation brand recognition has been its effective franchising business model allow the company to expand quickly both domestically and internationally. Franchise systems having uniform operation has made the McDonalds restaurant one most standardized in the world. Not only do all McDonalds sick to offer the same products offering, they intend to offer same food experience for all of its customers. No matter what part of the world you are in. McDonalds franchise network is the worlds heading fast food chain with more than 30,000 restaurants serving 52 million people in 119 countries with 1020 restaurants in the U.K of those stores, More than 70% percent of restaurants are franchise. Franchise have live up the companies expectation and brand standards by providing good quality service, quality food, clean restaurants and happy customers are all very important to McDonalds. How franchise has to live up with brand standard in the following qualityareas: Hygiene Food safety policy Health and safety Policy. Hygiene-: McDonalds been king in fast industry it has take special care of food and hygiene. Management has to be very strict on hygiene because it has to serve millions of customers. McDonalds have highest obligation to our customers to ensure that they are not expose to any risk of infection or illness. It is must to very employees to wash their hands before you commence work, on return from a meal break, after using the toilet, after carrying out cleaning work, after touching face or hair, trash walk, taking delivery or other activities where they may become dirty ( remember you cannot always see dirt).As well as this, hand should be wash should be washed every hour or every half if working in the grill area. glove are available in restaurant for use whilst performing cleaning tasks. Sickness reporting policy:- All food handlers have a responsibility to our employees and customer not to work if they are suffering from food poisoning, or suffering from the symptom of food poising i.e. vomiting or diarrhoea. If you are suffering from these symptom employees will not be allow to work again until no symptom for 48hr period. Failure to report such conditional is an offence under the food safety regulations and may lead to prosecution as well as being classes as an example of gross misconduct. Hygiene and safety department is available in restaurant. Food safety policy:- McDonalds operating procedures are specifically to ensure high quality safe food. These procedures must be adhered to at all time, in particular: Food must not used if it is past its use by or best before date. Food must not be serving if the holding time has expired. The correct equipment and utensil must always be used for each task. Food equipment, utensils and preparation area must be kept clean using Clean As You go (CAYG) procedures. and finally, if something is not right e.g freezer is too warm or piece of equipment is faulty , it should be report the manger immediately. Food should be always look carefully while preparing to serve, if it is not right it should not be serve and should be reported to managers. Health Safety Policy The Franchisee is committed to minimising the risk of damage, ill-health and injury to employees, customer and visitor. This will be achieve by examining our operation and ensuring all necessary system are in place, and resource available , to provide a safe and health work system are in place, we must all work together to identify risky and take action to eliminate them .As with other aspect of our business we shall be seeking to continually improve our performance. This will involve measuring against standard and reviewing progress on regular basis. Customer expectations and perceptions McDonalds Im loving it. McDonalds Promises- Whenever you think of fast food, First thing in mind comes is McDonalds. People expect high standards from McDonalds. Every single product use to make a burger to full meal comes best quality standard. Whenever person order a meal in McDonalds he expect good and quick service with hot food. Food will be hygienic nicely dress and safe to eat. From burger, fries, salad, cold drinks to hot drink every product will be fresh. Employee taking order will always greet u and will be always friendly. Customers enjoy every bit meals in our restaurant. I m loving it will be on very customer mind when ever their think about McDonalds. Importantly, employees need to know exactly what customers, both internal and external, expect of them. Communication should be as detailed and specific as possible, since employees in each work group want feedback they can act upon to improve performance in each job. General feedback from customers (e.g. they want no faults or no errors) is less useful. McDonalds has recognised that complaints, enquiries or positive feedback from customers are important pieces of information. When used properly complaints can help us fine-tune our business and meet our customers requirement. It is these insights that help the Company to keep moving forward. Employees Barriers to quality for employees:- High labour turnover. Work pressure. Training and development. Labour turn over in McDonalds McDonalds is considered as very high labour turn over company. Main reason behind it is that it has about 70% of staff as part timers employees. Staffs are schedule according to busy time especially on Friday, Saturdays and Sundays. Employer takes full advantage of students who are working part time. Student does have any other chose rather work part time according to schedule. Most of students are not satisfied with job so their move on to another job if there gets one. Visa and end of student course is also big issue behind high labour turn over, because when ever international students finish with his course has to move on to their country. Work pressure:- Working in McDonalds is high pressure job especially peak time during breakfast and lunch time. It is busiest place to work in fast food industry. we receive all age customers, not only in restaurant but drive thur as well. Employees have focus on delivering great level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction:- Quality, Service, Cleanness, Value. High labour turns over leads to work pressure because employers have deal with lots of new staff and on job training. This leads confusion between front and kitchen staff. Front staff doesnt receive food at right time from the kitchen which can leads to bad service. Management has to deal with less staff on floor which increases work pressure per staff. Staff also have work long shifts to fill up gap between staff. Training and development Once Crew Members have been recruited, they have to attend a welcome meeting at their chosen restaurant or recruitment centre. This meeting will last an hour and is designed to engage and inform new starters. It involves viewing a DVD which gives important information about the company, and also allows for manager/new starter interaction. The second part of the orientation is a compulsory online Health Safety and Food Safety test that the new starter completes in their own time. The first shift begins with a tour of the store highlighting key Health Safety and Food Safety procedures. It is recommended that this should last for the first two hours of the shift. Staffs recruited have to exam of station where there be working at for example Front, kitchen or back room person. There is also on job training to guide the new staff with floor manager. TASK 1 (II): Customer Satisfaction Opportunity Index (CSO) in McDonalds. What is customer satisfaction opportunity index (CSO) ? Whenever customers choose McDonalds they expect hot fresh food served accurately and quickly in clean restaurant by crew/ managers that are friendly and attentive to their needs. Our customers are telling us in loud and clear words that when they visit McDonalds they expect us to deliver on all of the element of Quality, Service and Cleanliness (QSC). Through analysis from both internal and external data it has been identified that there are five critical QSC drivers of customer satisfaction. There are things customers want to see us deliver on every visit. Quality- hot, fresh and safe to eat products Fast/quick- total experience time under 5minutes Accurate- receive everything ordered including condiments Friendly- friendly and attentive service with effective communication Clean- dining area well maintained, clean toilets and employees. To evaluate how McDonalds restaurant are meeting these critical drivers company had created the CSO index. The CSO is the percentage of visits that miss one or more of the critical drivers of customers satisfaction. This act as a barometer on how well restaurant is meeting the customers expectations when they visit restaurant. Understanding this gives balance into how rate our own performance on measures that are important to us as a company and how are rated directly from the customer. CSO is calculated based on the number of mystery shop visits that miss a critical driver question. If one or more critical drivers are missed , the mystery shop visit is only counted once. for example If 100 mystery shop visited are conducted and 40 of them have one or more crictical drivers missed the CSO will be 40%. The goal is to decrease the number the number of visit that are missing a critical driver. Lower CSO % better performance. Ref-: www.mcdoanld.ac.uk Mystery shopper Mystery guest visits mcdoanlds restaurant twice a month to check CSO point. Mystery guest results is not only is good for franchisee to gain advantage over other restaurant to achieve or to expand company by adding other restaurant. Good result can also result in into bonuses for managers. Key points Mystery guest looks into when visits the restaurant. Greeting/farewell He checks if employees or mangers he talk to were polite and friendly or not? Attentiveness he checks if employees/ mangers came in contact were attentive to customer or not. Effective communication- he checks communication with crew member was clear and easily understood. Service timing- food should be serving in within 5min of the order. Accurate food and drink- Correct order should be taken. Food and drink should be serve with correct sauces. Correct condiments- Have employees provide the customers the proper napkins and straws/ stirrers? Hot fresh sandwiches- Was mel serve hot and fresh and did it taste good. hot and salted fries- were the French fries serve hot ,salted and crisp or your potato product hot and crisp and did they taste good? Clean restaurant interior- was the inside of the restaurant clean? Crew Development Programme Initial Training- When crew is recruited he trained on following standards to achieve the first star. Crew has to clear the written test to order to achieve the first star. Cleanliness foundation. hygiene Food safety Health safety Cleanliness security hospitality 2nd stage . Quality training In quality training crew is trained on following food standards, which can be on job training as well training in class during the quality class. Crew have to clear this stage to clear to achieve 2nd star. Buns dressings grilled product fried product prepping products toasted Deli sandwiches stage 3rd Service classes Employees have to attend service class ones a month to improve standard of service quality regarding beverage serving, food serving and hospitality in order achieve the 3rd star. On passing the test crew is award with star which is display the badge, which show performance the crew. TASK1(III): Service quality gap Gap 1. When promises do not match actual delivery Day starts very early in McDonalds Denham. Been drive thur restaurant we start serving breakfast at 7 a.m, We receive lots of car in drive thur early morning as everyone is rushing to offices or work. Customer expect quick service with hot and hygiene food because McDonalds is famous for its good service. Problem starts when morning shift staff dont turn up on time. Management have to manage with less staff. Ones order is taken in front kitchen staff have to deliver food within 3min which is according to McDonalds service standard. If front staff are not able to serve order with in 3min, customer are advise to seated and have to the car the park if in drive thur and have wait for there food, It can happen at times that order can be missed out and customer will be waiting for more time which can lead to bad service. Change over problems-: Denham McDonald serves breakfast from 7am to 10:30 am but change over from breakfast to main menu start at 10:15 just 15min before main menu. Staff have 15min to organise the restaurant for main menu. kitchen staff have to work really quick to arrange the grills, 3 of out 4 grills are close for cleaning process. During the busy time restaurant have management from one grill. So some time it is not possible to provide food which is required. Customers have to suffer due to change over. Customer expects best service from McDonalds but some time it doesnt happen. McDonald cannot compromise with food safe and hygiene standard. Gap 2. The difference between customer perception and expectation McDonalds is well know not only for excellent service in restaurant but also for drive thur. Customer travelling in car dont have to get down park the car have their meal. McDonald have made it possible by drive thur. Now without taken long break one can have meal in car within 3min of order. And McDonalds have live up to customer expectation by quick service. People do take away food for home. McDonalds do serve fresh and hot food every time but by the time that food reach its destination it become cold. McDonald should provide containers in which food can be stay warm. We do receive complains of food not been warm after some time, we cannot spoil mood of customers so we have to provide fresh food when complained. Gap 3. Communication gap One can expect friendly and quick service from McDonalds. Its is important that employees have good communication within to provide quality service and requirement of customers. Customer are attracted to different kind McDonalds menu. To be different from its competitor McDonald try different food and make changes every 1.5 month for the promotions, but customers have their choices what there want we have made it within service time. For example:- Customer orders Big Mc without sauce or cheese we have to make the special order to make our customer happy. McDonalds understands problems of customer as some customer may problem with some of the ingredients so we have make specially them to make them happy. Communication between front staff and kitchen is necessary to full fill the requirement. Before it was difficult provide especial order at right time in drive thur we had to park the car for especial order. Providing order within service is only if there is good communication between drive thur staff and kitchen in busy times. McDonalds have come up with latest technology by providing micro fone or heads sit. Now kitchen staff have especial device in there ear so there can hear every orders and be ready before time. McDonalds is bridging gap between communications. Task 2. Quality Gurus Joseph M. Juran Joseph M. Juran made many contributions to the field of quality management in his 70+ active working years. His book, the  Quality Control Handbook, is a classic reference for quality engineers. He revolutionized the Japanese philosophy on quality management and in no small way worked to help shape their economy into the industrial leader it is today. Dr. Juran was the first to incorporate the human aspect of quality management which is referred to as Total Quality Management. The process of developing ideas was a gradual one for Dr. Juran. Top management involvement, the Pareto principle, the need for widespread training in quality, the definition of quality as fitness for use, the project-by-project approach to quality improvementthese are the ideas for which Juran is best known, and all emerged gradually. Ref:- http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/juran.asp Similar Dr W Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran is an international applauded quality guru, strongly influencing Japanese manufacturing practises. His belief that Quality does not happen by accident gave rise to the quality trilogy: Quality planning Quality Control Quality Improvement And the Key steps in implementing company-wide strategic goals are: Identify customers and their needs both internal and external and work to meet those needs Create measures of quality, establish optimal quality goals and organise to meet them Create processes capable of meeting quality goals in real operating conditions. In the 1980s Joseph Juran acknowledged that the common approach to total quality management quality awareness campaigns and slogans was not efficient as they did not have substance, and there is no short cut to quality. He believes quality must at the top, grating senior managers who believe training is for junior workers. Ref-: http://www.mftrou.com/joseph-juran.html Quality in McDonalds Our customers are our business. Without them we would have no reason to open our door. Therefore our goal every minute of every hour is to make our customers feel happy who visited McDonalds. We do this by focusing on: QUALITY- McDonalds is famous for quality and keep standard high by using the finest ingredients with the help of the biggest asset of the company the employees in preparing and serving the tastiest food by following the procedures which they are taught. SERVICE Service is best you think like a customer. A caring and respectful attitude and a sincere smile do as much to bring the customers back as the best food in the food. CLEANLINESS Our customers expect and deserve a spotless restaurant. But its not only to make a good impression. A clean restaurant is a safe restaurant. Its very employees job to keep the restaurant clean and hygienic. VALUE- What is a value? Its the total experience our customer have it our restaurants, from the food service, to the dinning area environment, to the price they pay. Its what weve always been know. Delivering great level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction. ref- (McDonalds Franchisees Employee Handbook) McDonalds Identify customers and their needs. McDonalds big amount of regular customers in the market. To build long term business it is important to retain people once they have become customers. McDonalds receives different types of customers. Parents with kids Visit McDonalds to give the children a treat. Children Want to visit McDonalds as it a fun place eats. Business customers Visit McDonalds during the day as service is quick, the food tastes great and can be eaten in the without affecting a busy work schedule. Teenagers Are attracted by the saver menu which is affordable and the internet access available in restaurant. (www.mcdonals.co.uk) CONCLUSION Overall, I would say that a company needs a quality model in order eliminate the defects totally from the organisation. And to find out if the company has any defect either in staff performance, staff productivity, revenue of the organisation, the management needs to carry out different business performance check so that the areas where the improvements are needed can be work it out. In order to improve those areas the organisation has to build up some new plans and policies so that the target can be achieved.

There is No Captain Kirk: A Theory of Universal Lack of Personal Identity :: Identity Essays

There is No Captain Kirk: A Theory of Universal Lack of Personal Identity There are multiple ways to interpret the second scenario provided to us. In general, the Captain Kirks in scenario two are either identical or they are not. Since we know that anything can only be numerically identical to itself, we also know that the two Kirks are not numerically or perfectly identical to each other. Thus, the question we are left with is: how are the two Kirks identical and how are they not? In the first scenario, we only witness that there is only one Captain Kirk throughout, therefore we make the assumption that the Kirk on the surface of the planet and the one that stood on the transporter platform are numerically identical to each other and that they are in fact the same Kirk. In the second scenario, the two Kirks that we witness are identical in respects to body, brain, memory, and functionality. However, there are many reasons that these factors do not make the two Kirks the same person. The two Kirks appear to be identical physically. This is known as bodily identity, which is in short, the theory that you are your body and that wherever your body goes there you are. Daniel C. Dennett refutes this theory in â€Å"Where Am I?† using the following argument: If Tom and Dick switch brains, Tom is the fellow with Dick’s former body – just ask him; he’ll claim to be Tom, and tell you the most intimate details of Tom’s autobiography. (See Endnote 1) John Perry also discusses this in â€Å"A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality†: Weirob: And would you reason conversely also? If there were in this bed Barbara Walter’s body – that is, the body you see every night on the news – would you infer that it was not me, Gretchen Weirob, in the bed? Miller: Of course I would. How would you have come by Barbara Walter’s body? Weirob: But then merely extend this principle to heaven, and you will see that your conception of survival is without sense.

Richard Morris Hunt : Administration Building Chicago 1893 :: Architecture History

missing image Richard Morris Hunt: Administration Building, Chicago, 1893 This 11 by 14 inch photogravure of the great Administration Building at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 was taken from a set of 25 drawings of the exposition buildings. It was the main focus of the fair, and one of the masterpieces of its architect, Richard Morris Hunt (1827-1895). With its fine classical detailing and sweeping scale, this large building was integral to the "White City" concept of the fair. To this day it remains one of the most recognizable landmarks associated with the Columbian Exposition . The Administration Building was conceived by a board of architects led by Daniel Burnham as part of the scheme for the Court of Honor, the major public space at the fair. As director of architecture and construction for the entire Columbian Exposition, Burnham was responsible for selecting designers for all the major buildings. After much debate, this group of mostly east coast practitioners decided that all the major buildings were to be cast in a pristine and highly decorative classical style based on the architecture of Antiquity. Burnham assigned the task of designing the most prominent building to arguably the most prominent man of the group, the New York architect Richard Morris Hunt. By the time Hunt was selected to design the Administration Building, he was near the end of his distinguished career. The first American architect to attend the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Hunt had acquired the status of "dean of American architecture" (Stein 3). His reputation was supported by his large output of fine eclectic buildings such as the Breakers in Newport (1892-95) and Biltmore House in Asheville, North Carolina (1888-95), both estates for the wealthy Vanderbilt family. These two stylistically different buildings exhibit the quality of Hunt's architecture known as the "grand manner," where he achieved monumentality by combining different sources of classical architecture. This quality was what attracted the fair organizers, and it would be carried to its furthest expression in the Administration Building. As the focal point of the fair, the Administration Building had an important symbolic function. Although not intended for anything related to the fair other than housing offices, the picture shows that it was much larger than necessary for administration purposes. Its great size related to its function as triumphal gateway into the fair. The large majority of visitors arrived by train at the station located directly behind the Administration Building.

The Beach :: essays research papers

"The Beach" "The Beach" has turned out to be a very controversial film, imposing positive and negative views. Harry, in "The Juice," gave the film an A1 rating with all optimistic remarks. Matt Wolf gave the film a very negative review, mocking every aspect of it. I am going to cover audience, tone, content, organization, and the overall effect. Audience- The audience that Harry tried to reach was a younger crowd that would appreciate the smaller keynotes of the film. With phrases like "Yes I said intriguing, henceforth, this is a kick ass flick, no lie." Wolf leaned toward an adult audience that would be more influenced by larger vocabulary. With words like antecedents, and incremental, that my computer doesn't even have in it's spell check. Along with phrases like "the beaches resident despot, whose officiousness do-exists with a strong sexual appetite." It isn't that I don't understand these phrases and words, but I just don't want to read them in a movie review. Tone- Harry used a tone that was more informal with a smaller vocabulary; words like believable and particularly, words that are understandable. He also used a kind of techno-lingo, which is understandable to teens but not to adults. Wolf used a very formal tone which was directed to adults. As I noted earlier he uses words that aren't even in spell check. His attitude coming into the piece was very negative against the film, with remarks such as, "So how is Leo? Not bad actually, which is more than can be said for a script from John Hodge that ditches most of the novel's tension." Content- The content in Harry's piece was more like a plot summary, with phrases like, "We find a self-contained environment, complete with couples, brothers, and friends, the whole nine yards. This is the main focus of the film." He was more optimistic and just generally nicer in his review. He also used two historical references, such as "Swiss Family Robinson," and "Taxi Driver," that he believed reflected the plot of the film. Wolf used a more quotation-oriented view. He didn't really summarize the film, but just depicted every part and used quotes to reflect his views. He was also very pessimistic as aforementioned. He also imputed a lot of prior history on the book and the film, with many different views on all the parts of the film. Organization- Harry's organization was very loose and difficult to follow; he was not orderly and he really didn't use a outline formation.

“A person doesn’t gain knowledge by possessing an insatiable thirst for it, But by searching for the means to quench it” Essay

Statement of purpose My journey to attain the ultimate goal of my life also goes something like what Frost says. It is a continuous struggle to reach the shores of success and achievement. It is to attain fulfillment in the field I love the most, â€Å"Medicine-Social work†. Before I elaborate on that, let me introduce myself as a student of Undergraduate Program in Dentistry from N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier institutes in India. Passions to achieve expertise in Public Health and to be a part of the social work are the objectives to my Graduate Study. It would help hone my skills, earn proficiency and seek professional exposure. Though comprehensive in curriculum, the undergraduate course offers limited scope for specialization. A graduate course would pave way to earning hands-on experience and acquire specialization. MY SCHOOLING: I was exposed to the field of medicine & social work at a very early age in school and became fascinated. I obtained a solid grounding in Biological sciences during my early school years and during preparation for Medical entrance examinations in India. My schooling and further study have really shaped my thought process and attitude towards education. I did my schooling in The K P R &J L Siddartha High School, an institute known for high quality of education. From my childhood I had a strong proclivity towards Biological sciences. With this shot in the arm, I went on to do my pre-university education at Sri Vivekananda Junior College. Here I was exposed to eminent faculty, who helped bring me to the academic level I am. I have appeared for the EAMCET, a standardized test conducted for admission into the undergraduate courses, where I came out with flying colors by standing among the top 5% of the 90,000 students who had appeared for the test. MY INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT My interest in this subject dates back to my college days. During college days. I was wondered how the country provide all facilities to its population with resources being inversely proportional. This gave me a thought that every citizen of a country should be involved in some sort of social work by atleast providing the minimal facilities for a particular community in which he is living-in. Further, research in this field would definitely create wonders & would definitely contribute for the country’s Economic status. It has been rightly said that with proper nourishing, one transforms a fascination into an excellent productive faculty. I firmly believe that a part of this transformation has already been affected in me. The years as a student of Undergraduate programs in the field of Medicine at Dr B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Hyderabad which is affiliated to N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier Universities of India has proven to be the most enriching period of my life. During the course of my Undergraduate studies, I have familiarized myself with the subject Social & Preventive Medicine, and I am very interested in gaining a deeper insight into this subject which form the very backbone of Public Health. Higher Education in United States of America would not only stand as a manifestation for my burning desire of academic achievement with professional competence, but also provide with the unique chance to test my ability to cope with the transition to a new setting, acquire new skills and improve my communicative competence. Higher Education in United States of  America will also enable me to experience a real and individual benefit of an International prospective in my course of studies. PURPOSE OF GRADUATE STUDY: During the undergraduate study, I decided to further my acquired interest in Public Health major. My propensity for research and insatiable thirst for knowledge and my ambition to contribute substantially to the field of Public Health have installed in me a longing to take up graduation. An undergraduate course, though comprehensive in its curriculum, provides limited scope for specialization. Much of the integration of advanced technologies in any demanding field takes place in a graduate program. Only then can one fathom the depths of this demanding field. Then came the decision of selection of universities, I chose American universities which are known for their world-class research facilities. I feel that graduate study at an American university is the best type of further education at this juncture because of the flexibility incorporated in its learning system, its infrastructure, the intense interaction with the industry and exposure to the latest technology. WHY PIP I CHOOSE YOUR UNIVERSITY I wish to earn a Masters degree in Public Health. I have spoken to my professors, seniors and friends about my choice of University, and have applied to —————————————— University because it is reputable for its research facilities. The department website revealed a very strong faculty involved in extensive research in the area of Public Health. This strengthened my resort to study at ———Adelphi———————University . It was during my House-surgeon ship, I realized that study, apart from dedication and the hard work requires an inspiring environment, competitive atmosphere and motivated faculty. In order to reach the educational plateaus I desire I need a good university like this. Having gone through the web pages and brochures, I am sure that this university will offer me the intellectual stimulating environment needed to help me excel in my chosen area of study. I hope that my struggle, perseverance and triumph through my undergraduate studies qualify me as an excellent candidate for graduate study. Based on the information amassed by me, I am confident that this university will be ideal for me to attain my full academic potential. FURTHER PROSPECTS In the recent years, the problem every country facing is the increase in its Population growth. To cope up with this increase, the resources should also be increased. But the increase in the population growth and the increase in the country’s resources are inversely proportional. By this, people of a country are not utilizing the resources properly provided for them. In order to eliminate this problem, a Public Health practitioner should asses the needs of a community in providing proper facilities in the fields such as Medicine, Literacy etc and thereby making its population to think over it. This is the field with a full scope for Research.. So I believe that my master’s degree in a reputed institution will enhance my job prospect in this field. I am fully aware that your institution requires that I summon all my resources and I aver that I have the necessary commitment, intelligence and stamina to look forward to it. I am convinced that my study at your institution w ould be a meaningful and rewarding experience. I look forward to have a rewarding association with your esteemed institution. I would like to take with me, in addition to knowledge in the relevant field, a network of strong and lasting relationships with my teachers and fellow students. 1 hope that my background and qualifications are found suitable for an MS degree in Public Health at ——————————————University. (RAVI KUMAR SIVVA)

Look Not Only at The Now Essay

Shinichi Hoshi tells a great tale of irony and human stubbornness in the short story, â€Å"He-y, Come on Ou-t†. A great storm that hits a small town and destroys their shrine which leaves a gaping hole where it once stood; the villagers quickly figure out that the bottom of the hole cannot be found. A concessionaire buys the hole and people pay to dump very terrible things into it such as nuclear waste and incriminating evidence, but in the end it all ends up getting dumped on the village from the sky. Humans like to and tend to throw away future worries and enjoy the immediate benefits of a situation regardless of how dire the future situation may be, Hoshi expresses this by using symbolism and irony in his short story â€Å"He-y, Come on Ou-t†. Humans have caused and will cause dire circumstances for themselves by overlooking potential future threats in any given situation; this is conveyed in the short story through symbolism. When the hole is first found a young man says, â€Å"‘I wonder if it’s a fox’s hole’† (Hoshi 1). The fox symbolizes the villagers because foxes are seen as sly and the villagers think they are sly when they make a scheme to dump everything in the hole and profit from it without consequence, there is further symbolism when it is technically the village at the bottom of the hole. Soon after the people, â€Å"cut down some trees, [tie] them with rope and [make] a fence which they put around the hole† (2). Sbrocchi 2 This symbolizes that the villagers already know the hole is a bad thing and they need to protect people from it by building a fence around it, much like a pit bull or Rottweiler; also this is foreshadowing because the hole ends up being a dangerous th ing. Perhaps greatest moment of symbolism in the story comes at the last line, when it is revealed to the reader that all that is dumped in the hole is going to rain down on the city, because a builder is taking his break when, â€Å"a small pebble skimmed by him and fell on  past. The man however, was gazing in idle reverie at the city’s skyline growing evermore beautiful, and he failed to notice (4). The theme of the whole story is explained in the builder’s actions, the builder symbolizes humans as a whole, they ignore the future threat that the pebble symbolizes and look out at the â€Å"success† that they have created. Irony is a powerful tool in literature that is used to get a message through to the reader. In this story it is used in many ways to show the stubbornness of mankind to only focus on the today not the tomorrow. Near the beginning of the story before the young man is about to throw a pebble in the hole an old man warns him by saying â€Å"‘you might bring down a curse on us. Lay off,’ [†¦] but the younger one energetically [throws] the pebble in.†(2). This is so ironic because in the end the older man was right, it did bring down a curse on them, all that garbage came right back down on them. This is so important because it is exactly the theme of the story, the young man failed to recognize the threat in front of him, he set it aside so he could have his fun right now regardless of what the future may bring and the future brought evil, which was self-inflicted. The panicle of irony in the story that really throws the theme at the reader is when the narrator says â€Å"Everyone disliked thinking about the eventual consequences† That is Sbrocchi 3 literally the theme of the story, it is ironic because the eventual consequences that everyone thought would come many years later ended up right at the doorstep of the village in not long at all, and these consequences came in a form much worse than what anyone could have ever expected. There is a lesson to be learned from this story and it is that if a situation arises for something good to come in the now, in the today, but it raises problems for the tomorrow, those problems must be dealt with in the today and not pushed aside because they are unpleasant to think about. No matter how great a success something may bring it could all be in vein if the same thing will also bring pain and suffering in the future; it will not be a success at all, it will be a giant failure. In the story, something fictional happens to the villagers, but things just as bad or worse will come from actions in real life, they just may not be as obvious or come as  fast. Humans like to focus on the good in situations not in the possible bad, this has to change.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 31-32

31 GOOD GUYS Augustus Brine, Travis, and Gian Hen Gian were squeezed into the seat of Brine's pickup. As they approached Effrom and Amanda's house, they spotted a beige Dodge parked in the driveway. â€Å"Do you know what kind of car they drive?† Travis asked. Brine was slowing down. â€Å"An old Ford, I think.† â€Å"Don't slow down. Keep going,† Travis said. â€Å"But why?† â€Å"I'd bet anything that Dodge is a police car. There's a whip antenna pinned down on the back.† â€Å"So what? You haven't done anything illegal.† Brine wanted to get it over with and get some sleep. â€Å"Keep going. I don't want to answer a lot of questions. We don't know what Catch has been doing. We can come back later, after the police leave.† The Djinn said, â€Å"He has a point, Augustus Brine.† â€Å"All right.† Brine gunned the pickup and sped by. In a few minutes they were sitting in Jenny's kitchen listening to the answering machine. They had gone in the back way to avoid the burnt, doughy mess in the front yard. â€Å"Well,† Travis said, resetting the machine, â€Å"that buys us a little time before we have to explain it to Jenny.† â€Å"Do you think Catch will come back here?† Brine asked. â€Å"I hope so,† Travis said. â€Å"Can't you concentrate your will on bringing him back until we can find out if Amanda still has the candlesticks?† â€Å"I've been trying. I don't understand this much more than you do.† â€Å"Well, I need a drink,† Brine said. â€Å"Is there anything in the house?† â€Å"I doubt it. Jenny said she couldn't keep anything in the house or her husband would drink it. She drank all the wine last night.† â€Å"Even some cooking sherry would be fine,† Brine said, feeling a little sleazy as he spoke. Travis began going through the cupboards. â€Å"Should you find a small quantity of salt, I would be most grateful,† the Djinn said. Travis found a box of salt among the spices and was handing it to the Djinn when the phone rang. They all froze and listened as the machine played Jenny's outgoing message. After the beep there was a pause, then a woman's voice. â€Å"Travis, pick up.† It was not Jenny. Travis looked to Brine. â€Å"No one knows I'm here.† â€Å"They do now. Pick it up.† Travis picked up the phone, and the answering machine clicked off. â€Å"This is Travis.† Brine watched the color drain out of the demonkeeper's face as he listened. â€Å"Is she all right?† Travis said into the phone. â€Å"Let me talk to her. Who are you? Do you know what you're getting yourself into?† Brine couldn't imagine what was going on in the conversation. Suddenly Travis screamed into the phone, â€Å"He's not an Earth spirit – he's a demon. How can you be so stupid?† Travis listened for a moment more, then looked at Augustus Brine and covered the receiver with his hand. â€Å"Do you know where there are some caves to the north of town?† â€Å"Yes,† Brine said, â€Å"the old mushroom farm.† Travis spoke into the phone, â€Å"Yes, I can find it. I'll be there at four.† He sat down hard on one of the kitchen chairs and let the phone fall into its cradle. â€Å"What's going on?† Brine demanded. Travis was shaking his head. â€Å"Some woman is holding Jennifer and Amanda and her husband hostage. Catch is with her and she has the candlesticks. And you were right, there are three invocations.† â€Å"I don't understand,† Brine said. â€Å"What does she want?† â€Å"She thinks that Catch is some kind of benevolent Earth spirit. She wants his power.† â€Å"Humans are so ignorant,† the Djinn said. â€Å"But what does she want with you?† Brine asked. â€Å"She has the candlesticks and the invocations.† â€Å"They're in Greek. They want me to translate the invocations or they'll kill Jenny.† â€Å"Let them,† the Djinn said. â€Å"Perhaps you can bring Catch under control with the woman dead.† Travis exploded. â€Å"They thought of that, you little troll! If I don't show up at four, they'll kill Jenny and destroy the invocation. Then we'll never be able to send Catch back.† Augustus Brine checked his watch. â€Å"We've got exactly an hour and a half to come up with a plan.† â€Å"Let us retire to the saloon and consider our options,† the Djinn said. 32 THE HEAD OF THE SLUG Augustus Brine led the way into the Head of the Slug. Travis followed, and Gian Hen Gian shuffled in last. The saloon was nearly empty: Robert was sitting at the bar, another man sat in the dark at a table in the back, and Mavis was behind the bar. Robert turned as they entered. When he saw Travis, he jumped off the stool. â€Å"You fucking asshole!† Robert screamed. He stormed toward Travis with his fist cocked for a knockout blow. He got four steps before Augustus Brine threw out a massive forearm that caught him in the forehead. There was a flash of tennis shoes flailing in the air as Robert experienced the full dynamic range of the clothesline effect. A second later he lay on the floor unconscious. â€Å"Who is that?† Travis asked. â€Å"Jenny's husband,† Brine answered, bending over and inspecting Robert's neck for any jutting vertebrae. â€Å"He'll be okay.† â€Å"Maybe we should go somewhere else.† â€Å"There isn't time,† Brine said. â€Å"Besides, he might be able to help.† Mavis Sand was standing on a plastic milk box peering over the bar at Robert's supine form. â€Å"Nice move, Asbestos,† she said. â€Å"I like a man that can handle himself.† Brine ignored the compliment. â€Å"Do you have any smelling salts?† Mavis climbed down from her milk box, rummaged under the bar for a moment, and came up with a gallon bottle of ammonia. â€Å"This should do it.† To Travis and the Djinn she said: â€Å"You boys want anything?† Gian Hen Gian stepped up to the bar. â€Å"Could I trouble you for a small quantity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A salty dog and a draft, please,† Travis interrupted. Brine wrapped one arm under Robert's armpits and dragged him to a table. He propped him up in a chair, retrieved the ammonia bottle from the bar, and waved it under Robert's nose. Robert came to, gagging. â€Å"Bring this boy a beer, Mavis,† Brine said. â€Å"He ain't drinking today. I've been pouring him Cokes since noon.† â€Å"A Coke, then.† Travis and the Djinn took their drinks and joined Brine and Robert at the table, where Robert sat looking around as if he were experiencing reality for the first time. A nasty bump was rising on his forehead. He rubbed it and winced. â€Å"What hit me?† â€Å"I did,† Brine said. â€Å"Robert, I know you're angry at Travis, but you have to put it aside. Jenny's in trouble.† Robert started to protest, but Brine raised a hand and he fell silent. â€Å"For once in your life, Robert, do the right thing and listen.† It took fifteen minutes for Brine to relate the condensed version of the demon's story, during which time the only interruption was the screeching feedback of Mavis Sand's hearing aid, which she had cranked up to maximum so she could eavesdrop. When Brine finished, he drained his beer and ordered a pitcher. â€Å"Well?† he said. Robert said, â€Å"Gus, you're the sanest man I know, and I believe that you believe Jenny is in trouble, but I don't believe this little man is a genie and I don't believe in demons.† â€Å"I have seen the demon,† came a voice from the dark end of the bar. The figure who had been sitting quietly when they came in stood and walked toward them. They all turned to see a rumpled and wrinkled Howard Phillips staggering out of the dark, obviously drunk. â€Å"I saw it outside of my house last night. I thought it was one of the slave creatures kept by the Old Ones.† â€Å"What in the hell are you talking about, Howard?† Robert asked. â€Å"It doesn't matter any longer. What matters is that these men are telling you the truth.† â€Å"So now what?† Robert said. â€Å"What do we do now?† Howard pulled a pocket watch from his vest and checked the time. â€Å"You have one hour to plan a course of action. If I can be of any assistance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Sit down, Howard, before you fall down,† Brine said. â€Å"Let's lay it out. I think it's obvious from what we know that there is no way to hurt the demon.† â€Å"True,† Travis said. â€Å"Therefore,† Brine continued, â€Å"the only way to stop him and his new master is to get the invocation from the second candlestick, which will either send Catch back to hell or empower Gian Hen Gian.† â€Å"When Travis meets them, why don't we just rush them and take it?† Robert said. Travis shook his head. â€Å"Catch would kill Jenny and the Elliotts before we ever got close. Even if we got hold of the invocation, it has to be translated. That takes time. It's been years since I've read any Greek. You would all be killed, and Catch would find another translator.† â€Å"Yes, Robert,† Brine added. â€Å"Did we mention that unless Catch is in his eating form, which must have been what Howard saw, no one can see him but Travis?† â€Å"I am fluent in Greek,† Howard said. They all looked at him. â€Å"No,† Brine said. â€Å"They expect Travis to be alone. The mouth of the cave is at least fifty yards from any cover. As soon as Howard stepped out, it would be over.† â€Å"Maybe we should let it be over,† Travis said. â€Å"No. Wait a minute,† Robert said. He took a pen from Howard's pocket and began scribbling figures on a cocktail napkin. â€Å"You say there's cover fifty yards from the caves?† Brine nodded. Robert did some scribbling. â€Å"Okay, Travis, exactly how big is the print on the invocation? Can you remember?† â€Å"What does it matter?† â€Å"It matters,† Robert insisted. â€Å"How big is the print?† â€Å"I don't know – it's been a long time. It was handwritten, and the parchment was pretty long. I'd guess the characters were maybe a half-inch tall.† Robert scribbled furiously on the napkin, then put the pen down. â€Å"If you can get them out of the cave and hold up the invocation – tell them you need more light or something – I can set up a telephoto lens on a tripod in the woods and Howard can translate the invocation.† â€Å"I don't think they'll let me hold the parchment up long enough for Howard to translate. They'll suspect something.† â€Å"No, you don't understand.† Robert pushed the napkin he had been writing on in front of Travis. It was covered with fractions and ratios. Looking at it, Travis was baffled. â€Å"What does this mean?† â€Å"It means that I can put a Polaroid back on one of my Nikons and when you hold up the parchments, I can photograph them, hand the Polaroid to Howard, and thirty seconds later he can start translating. The ratios show that the print will be readable on the Polaroid. I just need enough time to focus and set exposure, maybe three seconds.† Robert looked around the table. Howard Phillips was the first to speak. â€Å"It sounds feasible, although fraught with contingencies.† Augustus Brine was smiling. â€Å"What do you think, Gus?† Robert asked. â€Å"You know, I always thought you were a lost cause, but I think I've changed my mind. Howard's right, though – there's lot of ifs involved. But it might work.† â€Å"He is still a lost cause,† the Djinn chimed in. â€Å"The invocation is useless without the silver Seal of Solomon, which is part of one of the candlesticks.† â€Å"It's hopeless,† Travis said. Brine said, â€Å"No, it's not. It's just very difficult. We have to get the candlesticks before they know about the seal. We'll use a diversion.† â€Å"Are you going to explode more flour?† asked Gian Hen Gian. â€Å"No. We're going to use you as bait. If Catch hates you as much as you say, he'll come after you and Travis can grab the candlesticks and run.† â€Å"I don't like it,† Travis said. â€Å"Not unless we can get Jenny and the Elliotts clear.† â€Å"I agree,† said Robert. â€Å"Do you have a better idea?† Brine asked. â€Å"Rachel is a bitch,† Robert said, â€Å"but I don't think she's a killer. Maybe Travis can send Jenny down the hill from the caves with the candlesticks as a condition to translating the invocation.† â€Å"That still leaves the Elliotts,† Brine said. â€Å"And besides, we don't know if the demon knows the seal is in the candlesticks. I think we go for the diversion plan. As soon as Howard has the invocation translated, Gian Hen Gian should step out of the woods and we all go for it.† Howard Phillips said, â€Å"But even if you have the seal and the invocation, you still have to read the words before the demon kills us all.† â€Å"That's right,† said Travis. â€Å"And the process should begin as soon as Rachel starts reading the words I translate, or Catch will know something is up. I can't bluff on the translation at my end.† â€Å"You don't have to,† Brine said. â€Å"You simply have to be slower than Howard, which doesn't sound like a problem.† â€Å"Wait a second,† Robert said. He was out of his seat and across the bar to where Mavis was standing. â€Å"Mavis, give me your recorder.† â€Å"What recorder?† she said coyly. â€Å"Don't bullshit me, Mavis. You've got a microcassette recorder under the bar so you can listen to people's conversations.† Mavis pulled the recorder out from under the bar and reluctantly handed it over to Robert. â€Å"This is the solution to the time problem,† Robert said. â€Å"We read the invocation into this before the genie comes out of the woods. When and if we get the candlesticks, we play it back. This thing has a high speed for secretaries to use when typing dictation.† Brine looked at Travis. â€Å"Will it work?† â€Å"It's not any more risky than anything else we're doing.† â€Å"Who's voice do we use?† Robert asked. â€Å"Who gets the responsibility?† The Djinn answered, â€Å"It must be Augustus Brine. He has been chosen.† Robert checked his watch. â€Å"We've got a half hour and I still have to pick up my cameras at The Breeze's trailer. Let's meet at the U-PICK-EM sign in fifteen minutes.† â€Å"Wait – we need to go over this again,† Travis said. â€Å"Later,† Brine said. He threw a twenty-dollar bill on the table and headed toward the door. â€Å"Robert, use Howard's car. I don't want this whole thing depending on your old truck starting. Travis, Gian Hen Gian, you ride with me.†

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