Media and the War on Terrorism free essay sample

A paper which discusses the medias manipulation of the war on terrorism. A paper which presents a detailed discussion about the war on terrorism and the medias manipulation of the war. The writer outlines the societal views of the US attacks on Middle Eastern soil. The writer also describes the way the media has manipulated society members regarding the attacks by refusing to cover certain issues and cooperating with the US government. One of the earliest ways that the media began to manipulate the world opinion about the United States attack in the Middle East was its coverage of Bin Ladens reaction to the attacks on 9-11. The media on an almost world wide basis began to claim in November that Bin Laden had proclaimed credit was his for the attacks(Truth pg 10). We will write a custom essay sample on Media and the War on Terrorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Media in the United States, Britain, New Zealand and other nations insisted that he had admitted, we did it (Truth pg 10). It was reported that he confessed on a news network in England. This would have a very heavy impact on the way society would view Bin Laden and the war against the Middle East. Until this occurred, America as well as other nations were outraged at the attacks on America which killed thousands of civilians but there was a hesitation about who to attack.

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Essay Topic: Poes Poetry Bruce Dawe is one of the most inspirational and true poets of our clip. Born in 1930. in Geelong. most of Dawe’s poesy concerns the common individual. His verse forms are a remembrance on the universe and issues around him. The statement ‘The poet’s function is to dispute the universe they see around them’ is really true for Bruce Dawe. as his chief intent in his poesy was to picture the mute societal issues refering the common Australian suburban occupant. His echt concern for these issues is obvious through his mocking attack to the issues he presents in his verse form. ‘Drifters’ is about a household who move from topographic point to topographic point. as the male parent needs to travel by the demand of his occupation. Dawe wrote this verse form in a really insouciant linguistic communication ; nevertheless. if you read it carefully you would be able to see the earnestness of what he is stating. The immature kids are turning up to larn no other manner of life except the life of continuously traveling. as they are all waiting for the twenty-four hours they shall travel once more. The kids get really excited about traveling from topographic point to topographic point ‘and the childs will shout truly’ . The firstborn is going cognizant that their roaming lives may neer alter ‘the oldest miss is close to cryings because she was happy here’ . She is going frustrated with her life. Dawe shows commiseration for the married woman. as she has to gone through this so many more times before ‘she won’t even ask why they’re go forthing this time’ . Dawe writes sympathetically about the married woman. like when she asks her hubby Tom to do a want in the last line of the verse forms ‘Make a wish. Tom. do a wish’ . Because this is a uninterrupted event. the married woman is acquiring frustrated. as at the clip of packing one time once more she finds that she has non unpacked from there last move. Even though this verse form is written in a happy tone Dawe is being serious about the issue of how a household gets disquieted about being stuck in a life that is continuously traveling about and non being for good settled anyplace. ‘Homecoming’ was written in 1968 during the Vietnam War with the purpose of doing its audience aware of the inanity and calamity of war. The poem trades with the legion phases of conveying the dead place for at that place ‘homecoming’ . a purportedly joyous juncture worthy of great jubilation. The rubric serves as a changeless reminder of what may hold been. Rather than approaching place observing their Heroic endurance. they are being bought place dead. ‘They’re conveying them in. piled on the hulls of Grants. in trucks. in convoys ; they’re zipping them up in plastic bags’ . Dawe uses a figure of cagey poetic techniques in order to show his feelings towards war. The perennial usage of ‘they’ and ‘they’re’ in the first subdivision intimations at the impersonal relationship between the organic structures and their animal trainers. Dawe shows his audience how this is the rough world of war. if people allowed the usual human compassion to get the better of them every clip they saw yet another dead organic structure. it would be excessively intolerable. Rhythm is besides used a great trade in the first subdivision. doing it sound about chant-like through the usage of intermissions that form a direct round. This beat suggests a slow. mechanical procedure. about like an assembly line. Interestingly. Dawe goes against conventional methods of interrupting his verse form up into different stanzas. Despite this. it is apparent that the verse form exists in three chief subdivisions – the assemblage of organic structures in the jungles of Saigon. the flight back to Australian for the dead soldiers. and eventually the organic structures returning place. In the 2nd stage of the verse form. this humdrum beat is abandoned. Gone is the ‘human touch’ from in the jungles of Saigon. now the organic structures are being lifted ‘high. now. high and higher’ . proposing that the organic structures are being taken to be laid to rest in Eden. Wordss like ‘noble’ . ‘whine’ and ‘sorrowful’ are used to show the sorrow and repent that Australian’s will experience as their dead young persons are bought place. Through the usage of the personification of the planes. Dawe voices the unhappiness and futility of the state of affairs. ‘tracing the bluish curve of the Pacific with sorrowful speedy fingers’ . In the concluding stage of ‘Homecoming’ Dawe focuses on the soldiers eventually coming ‘home. place. home’ . The tone alterations. and the lines echo the feeling of homesick Australian soldiers. As the planes approach Australia ‘the seashores swing upward’ to run into the planes. This is the coastline that would hold been so familiar to the soldiers had they been coming home alive. yet now they don’t have the chance to see the ‘knuckled hills. the mangrove-swamps. the desert emptiness’ . an environment immensely different from the jungle they had fought so valorously in. ‘A Victorian hangman tells his love’ is about a adult male who enjoys what his occupation consists of. His occupation consists of hanging felons as a penalty for the offenses they have committed. Bruce Dawe writes this verse form from the bent adult males perspective. it tells the audience how he feels about executing. Dawe explains that the hangman is ashamed to have on his hangman apparels in forepart of his married woman. ‘Two piece tracksuit. welder’s goggles and a green fabric cap like some gross bee- this is the provinces idea†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . He thinks of a hanging as a bridal. and by reading these lines you can state how particular hangings are to him. The tone is of this verse form is ashamed and proud. the hangman is ashamed because of the inexpensive apparels he has to have on when it is so particular to him and proud because -=- - Dawe writes about the hangings as if they are a ritual. ‘This noose with which we’re wed is something o f an heirloom’ . the hangman feels as if the hanging gives them some sort of particular connexion. The human status is explained throughout this verse form. the manner people feel towards these hangings and the manner the hangman feels about these hangings. This was the last hanging to take topographic point in Australia. it was really controversial and Dawe writes about it as if the hangman is really disquieted. as this will be his concluding hanging. It is really Australian in puting as it is a specifying minute in our history as Australia. It was the last life taken for capital penalty in Australia. Dawe writes this verse form in a controversial manner as it describes how the hangman enjoys ‘ hitting the door lever. you will travel away into a new life’ this hangman thinks that he is making these work forces a favour by taking their lives. ‘On the Death of Ronald Ryan’ is about a adult male who is traveling to be executed for a offense he purportedly committed. Dawe writes this verse form in Ronald Ryan’s wife’s or lover perspective. The reader can experience her unhappiness towards Ronald’s executing. and her regard for him deceasing ‘most horrifyingly like a man’ . The human status is undeniably Australian as there is the mark of a true combatant ‘annealed un-tranquilized. contemning a concluding statement’ . Dawe writes of the married woman as if she wished Ronald died ‘with far more self-respect than the shabby ritual which gave you recognition for’ .

Healthcare Milestones and Benchmarks Research Paper

Healthcare Milestones and Benchmarks - Research Paper Example tient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) has been the one of the most valuable dimensions in the past decades, which has been introduced by the President of the US Barrack Obama in the year 2010. Even before that, US social legislation had passed Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA) in the year 1994. Apart from these, in the year 1973, United States had developed the Health Maintenance Organisation Act (HMO), which has been implemented widely in healthcare industry till the present scenario. Besides, the United States government had passed the Social Security Act in the year 1935, which has established the principle of federal aid for the people of America. Moreover, during the World War-I in the year 1919, the American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates officially convicted compulsory health insurance for the public of the United States. Besides, AMA had also restricted the involvement of third parties in between the patient and medical aspects (Sultz & Young, 2010 ). With regard to the impact of the identified milestones and benchmark events on the healthcare system, it can be apparently asserted that the benchmarking events or milestones have contributed to the development of the American healthcare industry significantly. During the year 1940, 9% of the U.S. population had health insurance, which had exceeded the figure of around 74% by the year 1986 (Sultz & Young, 2010). On the other hand, through Social Security Act, the American government has been able to address several diseases and has been capable of improving the quality of food, drugs and cosmetics for consumer protection. Furthermore, through the help of Health Maintenance Organisations the American government has been capable of promoting health and preventing illnesses. Consequently, Oregon Death with Dignity Act has allowed adult incurably ill residents of Oregon to select the path of self-administration of lethal drugs to end their own lives. Simultaneously, PPACA has

Management Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Communication - Essay Example Fourthly, students from foreign countries have issues getting used to the food being served in the school dining halls. In conclusion, students face numerous cultural problems in the new learning environment. My Buddhist religion values have taught me to embrace students from different cultures and faiths. The school environment has set up a program to deal with cultural diversity sensitively and effectively. An orientation program has been in place to welcome all students and familiarize them with the school environments and all important aspects in the school’s culture (Jones and Brown 103). The program also gives foreign students special attention to ensure that they have an easier time while adjusting to the learning environment. Students are encouraged to welcome foreign students and offer them any help that they may need. The program should seek to improve the foreign students’ communication by offering them a student to guide them through the first weeks of campus. The program should be improved to cater for the needs of foreign students from all over the world and teach students the importance of

First Principles Of Economics Essay Example for Free

First Principles Of Economics Essay Trade offs are the costs and benefits obtained by taking a particular decision. Trade off analysis provide with the best decision to implement when comparing different activities. Each activity undertaken by an individual has costs and benefits. But the amount of costs and benefits differ and it is the discretion of an individual to determine the best activity to undertake (Krugmanwells, 2008). A trade off involves foregoing one activity which has more costs and pursuing another activity with higher benefits. In real life experience, a manufacturer may decide to install a new machine with higher production efficiency. As such, a cost will be incurred to establish the new system but the benefits of installing new machines supersede the costs. Opportunity costs refer to the forgone opportunity to undertake a particular activity. Since resources are scarce, a person must sacrifice some opportunities so as to pursue other activities (Krugmanwells, 2008). For example, a farmer has many opportunities to grow different crops in his/her farm. However, only one crop can be grown at a particular season. He/she will be forced to grow a particular crop instead of another. Opportunity cost reflects the true value of producing a particular commodity since it represents the lost opportunities. Marginal analysis provides a person with the appropriate decision about how much of a commodity to produce relative to another. Margin is the amount of one commodity that must be sacrificed to produce another (Krugmanwells, 2008). In the example of a farmer, he may decide to grow different crops on a portion of land such that there are different crops in the farm. But the farmer must decide how much to grow of a particular crop variety. This will be determined by the conditions surrounding the farmer. Market equilibrium is a situation where both buyers and sellers have agreed. There is no individual buyer or seller at a better position. Both parties are satisfied by the commodities and prices at the market place. At equilibrium, there are no opportunities that remain for the individuals to make themselves better than others in the market environment. The buyers and sellers are satisfied by the market conditions since buyers feel that the commodities satisfy their needs at particular prices while the sellers feel that the price meets the value of their products. Market equilibrium exists only when there are no government interventions. A free market situation is the most effective system since the forces of supply and demand dictate the prices of commodities as well as determining the quantity demanded and supplied (krugmanwells, 2008). Source: Author From the above diagram, the equilibrium shows intersection between supply and demand. Market equilibrium shows the quantity of a commodity that the sellers are willing to supply at a given price. It also provides information about the quantity of commodities that buyers are willing to buy at a particular price. Government intervenes when market efficiency is not achieved. As the market factors interact, they improve the welfare of the people involved by creating systems which satisfy both sellers and buyers. Market inefficiencies occur when one party benefits more at the expense of the other party. The government intervenes to provide equality and restore market equilibrium. Unintended consequences are the unexpected effects of individual actions in the market. As buyers and sellers interact in the market, they may unintentionally conduct some activities which affect others. An example of unintended consequences is pollution. Reference Krugmanwells (2008). First principles of Economics. worthpublishers

Factors Affecting The Anodizing Of An Aluminum Metal

Factors Affecting The Anodizing Of An Aluminum Metal Anodizing is a process for producing decorative and protective films on articles made from aluminum and its alloys. It is essentially a process where a thick film of aluminum oxide is built up on the surface of the aluminum through the use of a direct current electrical supply. In the majority of anodizing plants in New Zealand it is carried out in an electrolyte bath containing sulfuric acid with aluminum sheet cathodes and the work to be anodized attached to the anode (Figure 1). When the current is flowing in the cell the following sequence of events is believed to occur. Sulfuric acid begins to decompose, the hydrogen ions moving to the cathode where they are reduced to hydrogen gas: 2H+ + 2e- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2(g) (1) Simultaneously, negatively charged anions, i.e. hydroxide, sulphate and maybe oxide ions move to the anode. The electrical charge in the circuit causes positively charged aluminum ions (Al3+) to be generated in the anode and in turn move toward the cathode. At the anode surface they react with the oxide/hydroxide ions to form aluminum oxide (in the case of the hydroxide ion, hydrogen ions are released into the solution). There are two types of ions involved in any Electrolyte. The reactions take place and Anions and Cations are formed and transferred to the opposite ends of an Electrolyte. Anions are positively charged ions and Cations are negatively charged ions in an electrolyte. In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible. Ion is a particle which is electrically charged either positive or negative; an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons. An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative charge. An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. A cathode is an electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. Anodizing is a method of electrolytic passing to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer of the surface of various metal parts. This process is called anodizing because the part which to be treated forms an anode electrode of the electrical circuit. Anodizing mainly increases corrosion resistance and provides better bond for paint primers and glues than bare metal. Anodizing is even used to prevent galling of threaded components and to make dielectric films for electrolytic capacitors. Anodic films are most commonly applied to protect aluminum alloys, although processes also exist for titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. This process is not a useful treatment for iron or carbon steel because these metals exfoliate when oxidized; i.e. the iron oxide, flakes off, constantly exposing the underlying metal to corrosion. Anodizing changes the texture of surface and also changes the crystal structure of the metal near the surface. Thick coatings are normally porous, so a sealing process is often needed to achieve corrosion resistance. Anodized aluminum surfaces, for example, are harder than aluminum but have low to moderate wear resistance that can be improved with increasing thickness or by applying suitable sealing substances. Equations of the anode reactions Al à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Al3+ + 3e- (2) 2Al3+ + 3O2- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Al2O3 (3) 2Al3+ + 3OH- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Al2O3 + 3H+ (4) For which the overall process is: 2Al + 3H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Al2O3 + 6H+ + 6e- (5) The sulfate ions also play some part as the oxide coating contains 12 15% sulfate ions. It is suggested that the sulfate ions facilitate the movement of hydrogen ions reducing the cell voltages required. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALUMINIUM OXIDE LAYER Fresh aluminum reacts readily with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide. Once formed the oxide remains firmly bonded to the surface forming an impenetrable layer. Consequently, further reaction ceases. The film is very thin (0.01m), and despite its tenacity it can be removed by abrasion and chemical corrosion. In such instances the aluminum is subject to wear or the surface will mark or become pitted at the site of corrosion. Anodizing produces much thicker coatings (12 25 m) which, if properly sealed, can extend the life of the surface appreciably. Recent research in New Zealand has shown that pitting of the surface can be reduced by up to 90% with a 12 m coating, and by up to 93% with a 25 m coating. In the initial stages (i.e. first 60 s) of anodizing the oxide layer formed is dense and of even consistency. It provides the greatest resistance to wear and corrosion and consequently is called the barrier layer. The growth of this layer ceases when the high electrical resistance of the oxide reduces the potential of the applied voltage in the electrolytic cell. The depth of the coating at this stage is about 0.08m. Subsequent growth is very slow and competes with the acid reaction: Al2O3 + 6H+ _ 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O which releases Al3+ ions into the solution. Note that the H+ can be at high concentration near the oxide layer due to one of the anode reactions above. See equation (5). At low applied voltages only the barrier layer forms. However, the gradual production of Al3+ ions tends to smooth out the underlying metal surface and give a brightening effect to the article. Objects such as wheel trims and bumper bars are general treated in this way. At higher voltages the growth of the layer continues beyond the barrier layer. Unlike the initial barrier layer this secondary layer, although constitutionally the same, has an open pore-like structure; a consequence of the competing anodizing and acid solution processes. Electron photomicrographs reveal the structure of these anodized surfaces to be as shown in Figure 2. The conditions required to produce coatings vary according to the concentration and nature of the electrolyte, the voltage current density applied, the alloy being anodized and the temperature of the bath. In the majority of electrolytic plants articles are anodized at a potential of 15 20 V and a current density around 1.6 A d-1 m-2; the electrolyte is 3.5 mol L-1 sulfuric acid maintained at temperatures between 20 and 23oC. Under these conditions the quality of the coating is satisfactory for most applications. At higher electrolyte concentrations and temperatures, and at lower voltages or current densities, the acid solution process occurs earlier in the development producing thin, open oxide coatings. Conversely, hard dense coatings are produced at low temperatures and high current densities. The conditions established in each plant are determined by the type of application. PRE-TREATMENT Step 1 Cleaning Correct and adequate cleaning of the aluminum object prior to anodizing is essential if the finished work is to have a uniform and attractive appearance. When aluminum arrives from the rolling, casting or extrusion mills it may be soiled following ways: Carbonaceous deposits from the surface of forgings and die castings Traces of oil-based lubricants Traces of polishing compounds or sanding grits Oxide films from heat treatment Cleaning these soils from the surface may prove difficult, especially if the requirements of the work do not allow etching of the surface. Most cleaning solutions used in New Zealand operations are detergent based. In addition to the detergent, a wetting agent and a complexion compound may be used. The complexion compound frequently used is sodium polyphosphate a component of many soap formulations which prevents ions, such as Fe3+, adhering to the surface of the work. If etching is not a problem, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonates (Na2CO3 / NaHCO3) may be added to increase the effectiveness of the solution. Step 2 Etching Etching is most often achieved by the use of a warm, 10 % (2.5 mol L-1) sodium hydroxide solution. It gives the surface of the metal a light grey satin finish (through diffuse reflection of the incident light). The vast majority of work is pretreated in this way. In theory the reactions occurring in the etching solution are: The etching reaction: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2NaAlO2 + 4H2 (7) Dissolution of the aluminates: NaAlO2 + H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NaOH + Al (OH)3 (8)   Dehydration of the solid hydroxide: 2Al(OH)3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Al2O3 + 3H2O The rate of etching is dependent on the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature and the concentration of aluminum ions which are released into the solution. When high concentrations of aluminum ions are present the solution loses its effectiveness. Presence of other ions, some of which may be a component in the alloy, can also interfere in the process, causing blemishes to appear on the surface of the work. The problem of ion contamination is overcome by employing etching solutions which suppress the action of the Al3+ and other metal ions released. The compositions of these solutions are the propriety of the companies that develop them, but generally contain sequestering agents which complex metal ions. Such solutions do not have an infinite capacity to do this but, due to the carryover of solution by the etched work and periodic replacement by fresh etch solution, the etching batch is maintained in an effective condition (Figure 3). Foaming agents are also a constituent of the etching solution; their action is to reduce the pungent mists/fumes that result from the vigorous reactions that occur. It is important to note that the appearance of the end result is determined at this stage. Work which is poorly etched will reveal scratches or blemishes no matter how well it is anodized or colored. POST TREATMENT After cleaning and anodizing the work is colored and sealed. As all anodized work is sealed, sealing will be considered first, although if coloring is to be done it is carried out prior to sealing. Sealing Sealing is the process in which the pores at the surface of the oxide layer are closed off. It is affected by placing the anodized object in boiling water for a 15 20 minute period. During that time the water reacts with the aluminum oxide to produce the mineral Boehmite Al2O3.H2O or AlO.OH: Al2O3 + H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2AlO.OH Boehmite is a hard, transparent material with a greater volume than the aluminum oxide. As it forms it closes off the openings of the pores. As would be expected, the durability of the anodized surface, especially in regard to chemical corrosion, is greatly influenced by the effectiveness of the sealing. If the duration of the sealing is too short the pores, although constricted, remain open for corrosion agents to be in close proximity to the aluminum surface. Corrosion studies have shown that anodized aluminum which has been sealed for 15 minutes or more has greatly increased resistance to pitting by chemical corrosion agents such as H+ and Cl-. Colouring Colouring involves the absorption of a coloured dye into the pores of the oxide coating which becomes fixed after the sealing process has been completed. Dyestuffs which can bond to the oxide or metal ions in the anodized layer have better colour properties than those that do not. Electrolytic colouring is the most important method of colouring anodised aluminum today. It produces attractive finishes of very great colour and heat fastness and is easy to perform. The anodized work is dipped in a tank containing coloured ions of other metals. Under the influence of alternating current the colouring agents deposit rapidly at the very base of the pores and the take is even over the entire surface. Unlike the process of dye absorption, electrolytic colouring is easy to control and gives uniformity of colour from one run to the next. The success of this technique is evident in the widespread use of bronze colored aluminum in joinery and house fittings. Approximately 66% of all bronze tinted aluminum is coloured by this technique. To a much lesser extent coloured inorganic compounds can be used to colour the work. Ammonium ferric oxalate is a very common compound used to impart a goldy colour to the metal. Other colours can be impacted by treating the absorbed ferric ammonium oxalate with other compounds: for example, potassium ferrocyanide solution will react with the ferrioxalate compound to produce a blue colour. The technique used is to dip the work firstly in a solution of the ammonium ferrioxalate followed by dipping the work in the potassium ferrocyanide solution. This double dipping technique can be used with other compounds to produce a variety of colours: e.g. copper sulfate followed by ammonium sulfide gives green, and lead nitrate followed by potassium chromate gives yellow. Experiment on Anodizing of aluminum Method Before the demonstration Line the inside of the sides of the 1 dm3 beaker with a double thickness of aluminum foil. Fill the beaker with sulfuric acid. This should be at about 25 C adjust the temperature if necessary. Set up the electrical circuit shown in the figure. Make up the dye solution according to the instructions supplied (i.e. dissolve the contents of the tin in about 600 cm3 of water) and add a few cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid. The demonstration De-grease the aluminum strip by rubbing with a tissue soaked in propanone and then dip the strip into a beaker full of propanone for short time and allowing drying. From now on, hold the aluminum by the top few cm only. Dip the bottom half of the aluminum strips into the sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker. Leave it until it begins to effervesce, indicating that the surface layer of oxide has been removed. (This will take about one minute.) Now remove the strip and dip the cleaned portion of it into the nitric acid for a few seconds to neutralize the alkali. Then rinse away the acid with water. Clamp the strip so that the lower, cleaned, section is immersed in the sulfuric acid electrolyte and is in the centre of the cylinder of aluminum foil which forms the cathode. It must not touch the cathode. Complete the circuit with crocodile clips making the aluminum strip positive and the foil negative. Now adjust the power pack and rheostat so that current flows which give a current density of 10 -20 mA cm-2 of anode area immersed. For example if the anode has an area of 3 cm x 3 cm immersed, the area will be 3 x 3 x 2 cm2 = 18 cm2 so the current should be between 180 and 360 mA (0.18 and 0.36 A). Leave to electrolyze for about 30 minutes, keeping an eye on the current and adjusting the rheostat if necessary to keep its value constant. (The current may tend to drop as the oxide layer thickens.) When the electrolysis is complete, switch off the power and remove the aluminum strip. Rinse the strip in water. It will not look very different at this stage. Now dip the strip into about 200 cm3 of the dye solution in a beaker. Make sure that some of the non-anodized part of the strip is immersed as well as the treated section. Leave for about 15 minutes longer immersion will produce a deeper colour. Some of those who trialed this demonstration left the strip in the dye overnight. Rinse to remove any dye which has not been absorbed. Dye will only be absorbed by the anodized section, which will turn a deep cherry red. If desired, seal the dye by immersing the dyed strip for a few minutes in water that is already boiling. This will make the colour less prone to rubbing off, but will wash out some of it. Many teachers may prefer to omit this procedure. Visual tips Large demonstration meters will be easy to see. Long connecting leads are useful to prevent the electrolysis tank becoming lost in a maze of wires. Teaching tips It would be wise to prepare something to fill in the half hour of electrolysis time and the 15 minutes dyeing time. The class could be asked to calculate the expected increase in mass of the anode or to discuss the chemical reactions involved. Have a selection of anodised objects such as saucepan lids available for the class to look at. The demonstration (No. 18) of the reactivity of aluminium without its normal oxide layer could be shown. Some teachers may prefer to anodise some aluminium before the lesson to have some pieces ready to show the class. Theory Untreated aluminium has a layer of oxide about 10-8 m thick. This explains its apparent lack of reactivity. Anodising, invented in 1923, is used commercially to thicken this layer to 10-5 m to improve the metals corrosion resistance. The relevant equations are: Cleaning: Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2Al(OH)4-(aq) Once the oxide is removed: 2Al(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 6H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2Al(OH)4 + 3H2(g) Electrolysis at the anode: 2Al(s) + 3H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6e- Electrolysis at the cathode: 6H+ (aq) + 6e- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3H2(g) Electrolysis overall: 2Al(s) + 3H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g) The oxide coating develops a positive charge by the reaction: Al2O3(s) + H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Al2O3H+(s) + OH-(aq). Thus it attracts dyes that contain coloured anions. These are absorbed in oxide layer which have pores, where they are trapped by heating the oxide to form an Al2O3.H2O seal. Extensions There are a great many variables in this experiment such as: electrolysis time, voltage, current density, concentration of electrolyte, temperature of electrolyte, temperature of dyebath and type of dye. Investigations of some of these could form interesting projects. It is possible to measure the gain in mass of the anode by rinsing the aluminium strip with propanone and weighing it immediately before and immediately after electrolysis. The Different of Anodizing And Electroplating Electroplating is a technique to plate some metal or non metal with metal using electric current. While anodizing is plate metal like aluminum by inserting some substance under the oxidized layer of aluminum by using of electric current force. The function and the effect of both process may the same, like have color surface so that can use as decorative purposes. Not all metal can use anodizing process but only certain metal can use this method to make endure to corrosion effect. Aluminum metal can be treated by anodizing because after electric current process make the aluminium have oxidized layer on the surface and this layer can have wide pore so that other chemicals like dye or prevented agent to be impregnated to enter this oxidized layer. After certain substance enter into this oxidized layer then by certain method the pore can be closed by further process. Actually by using just electric current will create anodized layer, but the problem this layer have no colour and look bad, to make this more interesting then on anodizing process using colour agent and inserted below the anodized layer. Electroplating is directly plate other metal into certain metal with the goal to make more interesting or make more endure to corrosion or from other outside effect. Like on hard chrome plating on screw driver, can make this surface hard and not easy to break if not plate by hard chrome. By nickel plating on other metal will make the surface is endure from reaction effect because nickel more noble than the metal below the nickel surface. Nickel plating usually use in canning process, or use in decorative accessories. Electroplating rely on the plate stick strong, more strong certain plating metal stick to the base metal is better. Electroplating Electroplating is plating to certain metal with other metal that is usually more durable from corrosion or stronger than original metal. The process itself use of electrochemical by which metal is deposited on the origin metal through the chemical bath. Usually using electrode pole that is connected to the negative and the other to the positive pole. Electrode on the negative pole is called as anode and electrode that connected to positive charge is called as cathode. Metal on the solution form will turn to positive ion and on the electrochemical process this ion will attract to negative electrode or to anode and will plate anode. So metal that will be plated is placed on the anode position. Electroplating is done in a plating bath which is usually a non-metallic tank like plastic or glass. The tank is filled by metal solution, which the metal kind will plate the anode. The anode is substrate to be plated which is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply. As we apply current, positive metal ions from the solution move towards anode with negative charge and deposit on anode. As a replenishment of these deposit ions, the metal from cathode will dissolve and goes into the solution and make the ionic potential balance. In the case using of noble metal like gold as cathode it is not sacrificial, but it is made out of materials which do not dissolve in an electrolyte such as titanium. Electrochemical Theory: Actually electroplating is based on the Faradays Laws that state as follows: The weight of a substance formed at an electrode is proportional to the amount of current passed through the cell. The weights of different substances produced at an electrode by the same amount of current are proportional to their equivalent weights. Corresponding mass in an oxidation-reduction reaction is = molar weight of the compound / algebraic change in oxidation number of the atom that is oxidized or reduced. 2 FeCl2 + Cl2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 FeCl3 Fe valence is change on the reaction from +2 to +3. However on the reaction will: Mn + FeSO4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fe + MnSO4 Chrome Plating Chrome plating is a part of coating technology that use of electroplating process. Electroplating process itself can use many kind of metal like chrom, copper, nickel, silver or gold. The process of all metal is similar, that is use of DC electric current and using of metal solution. But the differences of all the process generally on the solution uses, concentration uses, current flow, temperature limitation, plating time and many other limitation that difference of each metal coating. Chromium plating is also different among the result purposes from the current flow, chromium concentration and other chemical additive that is use on each of chromium plating kind. The chromium plating such as hard chrome, dull chrom, black chrome and bright chrome. Every result goal needs different parameter uses that must be followed in order to get the result as the process goal. So chromium plating process needs strict control on the bath concentration, equipment precision and on the method uses. Any small substance contain on chromium bath can result a different kind of product. Anodizing aluminum This is an experiment showing interesting application of electrolysis. The oxide layer on aluminum foil is made thicker by anodizing which improves the metals corrosion resistance. In the process, the thickened oxide surface coating is coloured by using dyes. Lesson organization This works well as a class demonstration, but there are several tasks to complete in preparation. The anodising process itself takes about 30-40 minutes, with nothing particularly dramatic happening, so you will need to plan other activities to fill the time. At the start of the experiment, show the students the effervescence due to the hydrogen evolved from the cylindrical aluminum cathode. A flexi camera connected to a projector could be used here. During the anodizing phase, the theory could be explained with an emphasis on the applications of the process. A collection of anodized objects such as saucepan lids or sports equipment could be available to look at. A well-disciplined and organised class might be able to carry out this process for themselves (in twos or threes), but it is strongly recommended that the treatment with sodium hydroxide solution (Corrosive) prior to the electrolysis is carried out under strict supervision. Apparatus and chemicals Eye protection,Low-voltage DC power pack, adjustable up to 10 volts, Connecting leads and 4 crocodile clips Paper clips, plastic Test-tube holder, wooden, Paper tissues Strip of wood, 15 cm long Ruler (30 cm), Beaker (1 dm3),Beakers (250 cm3), 3Aluminum foil, approximately 40 cm x 15 cm, Congo Red dye (Toxic) Ethanol (Highly flammable, Harmful) Sulfuric acid approximately 2 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), 1 dm3, Sodium hydroxide, approximately 1.5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), 250 cm3. Propanone (acetone) (Highly flammable, Irritant) Technical notes Congo Red dye (Toxic). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 32. Ethanol (Highly flammable, Harmful). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 40 (2007: 40A) Sulfuric acid approximately 2 mol dm-3 (Corrosive). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 98 (2007: 98A Sodium hydroxide, approximately 1.5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 91.Propanone (acetone) (Highly flammable, Irritant). 1 Reasonably thick aluminium foil should be used, but, if unavailable, ordinary kitchen foil works quite well. 2 Propanone is needed to degrease the aluminium foil and it is worth keeping a bottle specifically for this purpose. The used propanone can be poured back into the bottle and kept for future use. This reduces waste disposal requirements. 3 The solid Congo Red dye needs to be made up into solution. Use 0.5 g of dye, 50 cm3 of ethanol and 50 cm3 of water and warm to dissolve. Dylon cold fabric dye (Camilla A 16) also gives good results. Red fountain-pen ink can be used as an alternative but does not give such good results. 4 Instead of a power pack, a battery or series of batteries could be used. Procedure HEALTH SAFETY: Eye protection must be worn. Before the demonstration a) Cut two pieces of aluminum foil, one 10 cm x 3 cm (the anode), the other about 30-35 cm x 12 cm (the cathode). Ensure that when the foil is folded into a cylinder it fits inside the beaker as shown below. Anodising aluminium b) Work in a fume cupboard and ensure that there are no flames close by. Work on a clean surface. Degrease the two pieces of foil by rubbing well with a paper tissue soaked in propanone and then dip the strips into a beaker of propanone for a few seconds. c) Remove the strips of aluminum from the propanone and allow drying. From this point on, only hold the aluminum foils at the top edges. d) Arrange the larger piece of aluminum into a cylinder. Fix it in position with plastic paper clips and then place inside the large beaker as shown in the diagram. e) Set up the strip of wood on the beaker and use Bluetak to attach two crocodile clips, one at the edge and one in the centre. Attach the outer clip to the aluminum cylinder. This is the cathode. f) Pour some of the cold sodium hydroxide solution (Corrosive) into a 250 cm3 beaker. Hold the smaller piece of aluminum foil with a wooden test-tube holder, and dip it into the sodium hydroxide solution. After a short while, hydrogen gas will be given off rapidly. Remove the strip after a few seconds of fizzing, and wash it in a stream of cold running water. g) Attach the aluminum strip to the central crocodile clip ensuring that it is arranged vertically (see diagram). This central strip (the anode) must not touch the aluminum cylinder. h) Carefully fill the beaker with the sulfuric acid from a measuring cylinder up to a level about 1 cm below the top of the aluminum cylinder. SAFETY: Remember that hydrogen (Highly flammable) will be evolved during the electrolysis. Keep all naked flames well away from the experiment (e.g. when heating the dye solution). Demonstration a) Connect up the circuit and use a voltage of 5-10 volt. Electrolysis is occurring when bubbling can be seen at the cathode (hydrogen). Pass a current for about 20 minutes, or longer, if time permits. b) While the electrolysis is running, heat the dye solution in a beaker to about 70 °C. An electric hotplate is preferable to a Bunsen burner. An additional beaker of boiling water will also be needed. c) Remove the central aluminum strip (the anode) and place it in the hot dye solution. Stir and leave for about 10-15 minutes. d) Transfer the aluminum anode to a beaker of boiling water and leave for another 10 minutes. This seals the dye onto the anodized surface of the aluminum and makes the aluminum oxide layer less porous. e) The upper non-anodized portion of the strip should be the original metallic grey colour whilst the rest should be coloured red. The aluminum strip can be dried in paper tissue and passed round the class. It should not be possible to rub off the dye off the surface. Teaching notes The demonstration itself The instructions may seem very detailed, but experience shows that success depends on getting the conditions just right. You should try out the experiment before carrying it out as a demonstration. It would be useful to have some sample strips of anodized aluminium to pass round. The voltage will drop during the experiment, since the anode is becoming increasingly coated with aluminium oxide. If a rheostat and voltmeter are used, the readings can be constantly monitored and adjustments made to keep the voltage approximately constant. A longer immersion in the dye will produce a strip with a deeper red colour. Leaving the strip in the dye overnight produces the best results. If time is short, omit the dye-sealing stage in boiling water. If there is time, a piece of the cathode could also be immersed in the dye. It will be found that the dye is not taken up by the metal in the same way. This is a good experiment to show students towards the end of their study of electrolysis. Chemistry points When a piece of aluminum is exposed to the air, it rapidly becomes coated with a protective surface layer of aluminum oxide. Heating the aluminum in air can make the oxide layer thicker, but anodising is much more effective. The oxide layer can be made to absorb dyes. This is useful in a range of everyday goods, such as kettles, window frames and some sports equipment, all of which need to be able to withstand extreme physical conditions. Untreated aluminium has an oxide layer about 10-8 m thick. This explains aluminiums apparent lack of reactivity in the laboratory. Anodising thickens this layer to about 10-5 m and dramatically improves the metals corrosion resistance. Oxygen is often evolved at the anode during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Aluminium is a reactive metal. The oxygen formed reacts immediately with the aluminium. It forms a solid oxide coating on the surface of the metal electrode. Theory for more able students For students working at a higher ability level, some or all of the following equations and explanations could be introduced: The cleaning process with NaOH: (1) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2NaAl

“Lines Written in Early Spring,” by William Wordsworth Essay

â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring,† by William Wordsworth, sets the tone within the title. The thought of early spring brings new life and harmony to the mind of the reader. A vision of Wordsworth sitting in a open field, observing the flowers budding and bunnies hopping around comes to the reader’s mind. He â€Å"heard a thousand blended notes† of birds singing and the world blooming around him, thoughts of Bambi are brought to mind. Spring, for me, creates a feeling of joy, and I think it is the best of the four seasons. A new start for all life to live as one and get along. The next two lines could be quite confusing after the first reading. A â€Å"sweet mood† causes his â€Å"pleasant thoughts/ [to] bring sad thoughts to mind.† At first, I wondered how a sweet mood and pleasant thoughts could possibly bring sad thoughts, but when I thought about it, I realized that sometimes when you’re at your happiest moment, sad memories and ponderings come to mind. Wordsworth continues explaining that his soul was linked to Nature and her works through the wonder of spring. The image of the human soul running through him brings an apparent depth to the poem, turning the theme from spring to a more intimate perspective of man. â€Å"And much it grieved my heart to think/ what man has made of man.† The lines question a topic that most people will never fathom in their lifetimes. He describes his grieving over the topic of man’s world. To grieve, as defined by Dictionary.com, means â€Å"to be in pain of mind on account of an evil.† This definition describes exactly how Wordsworth feels about the evil that mankind has made of his world. Lines 9 and 10 continue to depict the setting that the poet is contemplating. As the spring setting returns to mind, Wordsworth reflects on how the flower appreciates the air it breaths and the birds hop and play with pleasure. The pictures show the simplicity of Nature and her animals, but also the joy they display. He spoke of a â€Å"thrill of pleasure,† which not only uses the flow of the word â€Å"pleasure† to illustrate the purity and joy of nature, but the â€Å"thrill of† affects the reader to think not of simple joy, but of the rush and the unadulterated enjoyment of this pleasure. His longing for this type of passion and thrill connects himself to nature by paradoxically  displaying the difference between man and nature. The detail with which Wordsworth writes about â€Å"budding twigs† spreading out to â€Å"catch the air† creates an aura of lust for the appreciation of the simple things in life. Leonard Skynard wrote a song called â€Å"Simple Man† which asks for a man to keep his life simple and realize that he is merely an object of God and he must remember to appreciate everything. The song and the poem are close in connection, with the same major theme of appreciation of the simple things. Wordsworth believes that this pleasure is sent from heaven and is part of Nature’s holy plan. He realizes that God is behind all things, large and small and man so often forgets to recognize the value of the air he breathes in and then flowers he picks. Speaking of â€Å"Nature’s holy plan,† I think he trust that Nature and God are one and their plans for man are the same, but they will only work if man realizes the right path to follow. The last two lines leave us with the question â€Å"Have I not reason to lament/ what man has made of man?† Wordsworth wants his reader to realize that we should all grieve for the sorrow that we cause ourselves. Man has made himself what he is today, a busy, selfish, evil person, an outcome for which we should grieve. The question leaves the reader to ponder the meaning of life and all the deep questions that are buried deep within the human soul, the questions unanswerable by words, yet only through actions.

What Effect Does Tourism Have on Jamaica

Extended Essay Jason Baugh School Number: 003311 Candidate Number: 003311-005 Supervisor: Mr. L. Holmes Name of School: Hillel Academy Session 2012 Subject Area: Geography Research Question: What effect does tourism have on Jamaica in relation to Social Friction and degradation on Natural Resources, specifically in the towns of Montego Bay and Trelawney? Topic Areas: Tourism, environmental degradation, social integration, cultural diffusion, development, globalization. Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction5 Jamaica’s Hotel Industry6 Problem with Investors8 Cruise Tourism11 Jamaica’s Investment in Cruise Tourism13Trelawney as a Capitol City15 Integrating tourists and social friction17 Conclusion19 Abstract Jamaica is a much sought after tourist destination and has a booming tourist industry that is second to almost none. With our large musical influence around the world as well as being known as a home for Rastafarians outside of Ethiopia there are more than enough re asons to visit Jamaica. With a rocky economy, tourism is a necessity for Jamaica to develop and grow and earn more money. Development of hotels and facilities for increased visits from other countries, Jamaica relies more than ever on its natural resources that it is known for.Jamaica is accessible by air and water and caters to the contributors of over 50% of our GDP. But with the amount of people visiting, our country is susceptible to a number of problems resulting in an over To truly understand whether or not our islands natural resources are being degraded and if the nationals are being exploited or becoming violent and unlawful or experiencing trouble from the investments and developments in relation to tourism, we need to look at what is being done for the development of that sector and the level of tourism Jamaica receives.There are damages occurring to the environment as a result of the many activities that are now being instituted to raise funds that are generated by forei gn investment and tourism. The pollution and degradation of the land comes from the building of larger buildings and increased water activity. Although these facilities are causing harm, through government legislations and application and abide to conservation laws that have been put in place over the years to facilitate and match the rate at which they are depleting. IntroductionThis essay will look at the all of the tourist aspects of Jamaica. This means that it will need to focus the research on the northern coast of the island because it contains most of the tourism attractions and accommodation development on the island. Tourism is a means of globalization, opening countries to the knowledge outside of their own. Jamaica is a widely famous and known location for tourists to visit, giving it a famous reputation that precedes itself on many occasions. With tourism, there are both good effects and bad effects.With tourism being Jamaica’s main source of income, the resources exploited are under constant use and mean that they stand to suffer the most and experience negative effects from constant interaction. The main focus of the essay will be on the towns of Trelawney and Montego Bay. These two areas are undergoing a large amount of development and an increase in the amount of visitors that are being received. As mentioned above, there are several negative side effects and each of them is present in both of these areas of Jamaica Jamaica’s Hotel IndustryJamaica’s location geographically is the main attributor to its fame. Being of a tropical climate, the island attracts the type of people that are seeking a type of holiday that includes activities based around the natural resources that the island has to offer. Activities as such include tree top tours, river rafting, and coral snorkeling, anything that interacts with the exotic plant and animal life. The hotels that have been developed across the northern coast are built for the purpose of being central locations to activities like the ones listed above.The developments of the hotels are investments of the hotel brands. Whilst Jamaica has the benefit of the popularity of the hotel’s name and the development of the area around the hotels increases the amount of money gained, the hotels benefit from the location for building another branch of their business. The hotel chains use the location to fuel their business. The six main hotel areas for Jamaica are Montego Bay (9,307 rooms), Ocho Rios (8,202 rooms), Negril (7,574 rooms), Kingston (2,347 rooms), the South Coast (1,369 rooms) and Port Antonio (995 rooms). (Figures from the Vision 2030 Jamaica document. At present there are 160 hotels all over Jamaica, including mainly the larger more recognized hotel chains and leaving out the small enterprises around the island. The number of rooms easily exceeds 35,000 and seems to be increasing. Some hotels are easy to see that they have a large amount of rooms like t he chains Iberostar having up to 890 rooms currently, Riu Hotels currently at 701 rooms in the Montego Bay branch and even more at the 10 km long Ocho Rios branch with 856 total rooms, the large Gran Bahia Principe hotel in Runaway Bay with a total of 831 rooms and the Grand Palladium with 540 rooms total.At present, Jamaica has a total of 29,794 rooms across all hotels and the number is only increasing with more and more development. At this rate the hotels would need to expand in a way that would create more rooms but stay within the land that they own. In cases like these, it is common for the hotel chains to try and bend the conditions of their contracts, in an attempt to exploit the government. The company that is most known for this type of bending is the Riu Hotels chain. Problems with InvestorsThe first reported incident started in January of 2008, with their first offense being with the neighboring residents in Mammee Bay. The locals could tell that the water, since the beg inning of the building from 2006, almost two years ago, had been contaminated. Not only for neighboring residents but also in the beachfronts, there had clearly been contamination of the pristine waters. That are one of Jamaica’s claims to fame Continuing into the 22nd of April, Riu had â€Å"not responded to the charges† that was put against them and it left the chairman of Mammee Bay no choice but to take them to court.At first, it had just been a problem of contamination of water but by taking the hotel chain to court a large amount of violations in building code was found, not only ones that are recognized globally but that they specifically signed not to do in their contracts with the government. On May 1st, Riu decided to respond publically by saying that they would remove the ‘decorations’ from the roofs and even tried to put the blame on the Mayor of the time, Mr. Charles Sinclair, for not having the plans approved. Their negligence of the building codes and building rules of Jamaica had gotten to the point that even Prime Minister, Mr.Bruce Golding, had to speak out about it. He bluntly stated that Riu had to comply and demolish the floors that were not approved at the time or else they would face the â€Å"full brunt of Jamaican law. † Finally by May 22nd Riu finally succumb to the will of the government and â€Å"fired up† demolition equipment hired to take down the illegal floors. This case is a representation of the ways that companies try to accomplish their goals by illegitimate means. By using improper building methods, the hotel is lacking in the quality and safety it needs. Since the incident, Riu ad legally acquired more land and were able to spread out but during the first instance, this hotel was contaminating the waters that its costumers were to be using and what is attracting and making people want to visit the Mamee Bay. By contaminating even the waterfront of the hotel, the reputation of Jamaic a’s clean beach waters and clean white sand are immediately ruined and the new contaminated image remains with them. Had their system of development continue, the waters of the Mamee Bay would be an environmental nightmare and take years to get them back to a proper state.The case is also representative of the islands attitude towards its tourism sector, showing that they care for it greatly, by reacting quickly to the problems that were occurring and to get Riu to correct their procedures. This shows that the population understands the risks of polluting our resource and what impact it would have on our tourist industry. Jamaica’s tourism stems also from activities that would open up Jamaica to other interests, rather than having it cater only to a relaxing place for people to get away. Attractions include natural or man-made horticultural, cultural, historical, equestrian, aquatic, aerial, eco-tourism, recreational and environmental facilities for tourists. † ( Page 5, Vision 2030 Jamaica) Jamaica has many different types of attractions, ranging from water parks in Negril and other water activities, nature trails and hiking and canopy tours and other nature themed and adventure type parks, several Natural parks around the island and natural attractions like the blue mountains and the beaches and canopies, all of which are centered around different types of activities that hotels can build around and cater for.Because they are so spread out across the island, it would mean that a visitor would want to experience all of the attractions and travel island wide to experience them all. Cruise Tourism Tourism from Cruising is still a good contribution to Jamaica’s arrivals and shows for 38 percent of Jamaica’s arrivals. In 2008 it was recorded that 1. 1 million people arrived in on cruise ships and cruise passengers spent US$ 91 million in the same year. Mainly the ships that come in to the ports belong the cruise lines Royal Caribb ean Cruises and the Carnival Cruise companies.It is even thought that the main areas of our transport infrastructures are located in the expansion and improvements of our roads as well as in the airports and cruise line ports. The Ocho Rios port is shown to receive the most revenue but Jamaica also has a port in Montego Bay as well as Port Antonio. But even with the income from these ports, a fund known as the Tourism Enhancement Fund was introduced in 2005 where air passengers had to pay US$ 10. 00 and cruise passengers paid US$ 5. 00 through various means by the individual industries.The world cruise industry has experienced positive results in the past five years with the number of passengers steadily on the rise. In 2006 about 12. 1 million passengers took cruises to about 500 ports, and this increased to 13. 2 million in 2008. The Caribbean remains the main cruise destination, accounting for 38. 2% of all itineraries. Ocho Rios is the main port of call for cruise ships. It regu larly receives 679,247 cruise passengers annually 62. 2% of total cruise passenger arrivals for that year. In second, Montego Bay received 405,999 cruise passengers representing 37. % of the total. Growth has been seen over the years in the growth of the cruise industry in relation to the continuing improvement in accessibility of ports and the quality and speed of travel on cruise ships. The average percent age of the GDP growth was usually 4. 5% every year. In 2006, the transport authority noticed that there was a spike in the country’s GDP growth where it reached up to 10%. It was discovered that this was due to a series of natural disasters that affected Mexico as a vacation destination and leaving Jamaica as a default. †¦In 2007 and 2008 the growth rate fell to 0. 7 % and 2. 7 % respectively† (Page 13, Vision 2030 Jamaica) and this was due to both Mexico rebuilding themselves from their natural disaster but more importantly because in 2008 the world experience d the global recession crisis and this prohibited people from travel and especially discouraged them from travel and taking vacations. But even though this was true the increase in the attractiveness and appeal to travel to Jamaica that cause the improvement of the tourism sector of the island has seen an increase in cruise passengers.The number of arrivals grew from 29% in the earlier years of tourism development 1982 to 38 % of total arrivals in 2008. Jamaica’s Investment in Cruise Tourism Jamaica continues to have high levels of people coming in and welcomes over 1 million every year from cruise passengers come to visit our shores. This could be used as an indicator to show how much people think of Jamaica as a good tourist spot that we would be able to have record levels of cruise attendance even through an economic recession, further solidifying Jamaica as a destination of choice. In 2006 the country experienced a record 1,336,994 cruise passengers arrivals, over the 1,1 35,843 for 2005. † (Page 17, Vision 2030 Jamaica) These record visits did not go unrecognized and garnered Jamaica the awarded title Caribbean’s Leading Cruise Destination for 2 years in a row and The World’s Leading Cruise Destination for the first time from the World Travel Awards in 2006. These titles come with a comparable steady growth of the industry of an average 3. 2% growth annually over the past five years from 2004-2008. The government is looking into the cruise ship industry with hope and eagerness.They are so hopeful that the government put a lot of development into a new pier built into Falmouth to add to our already three existing piers. Tourism Minister Edmund Bartlett made a prediction in March 3 of 2011 that Trelawney will become the tourism capital of Jamaica from the increase of people to be coming in from the pier. It was also announced that there is going to be an addition of 10,000 new hotel rooms for the parish over the next five years. Th is is in addition to the current thousands of rooms currently on the northern coast.By adding another capitol town with a new form of transport, Jamaica has made itself available to a new kind of tourism with larger quantities and expanding on what they already receive. With the opening of the pier in Trelawney brings new attraction abilities because of Trelawney as an old town. Tourists can be treated to artifacts from Jamaica’s history. Trelawney as a Capitol â€Å"We are going to make Trelawney the tourism Mecca of Jamaica. This parish, in the next five years will have 10,000 new hotel rooms. I went to Spain two weeks ago and put them back on track, the development at Oyster Bay†¦It is going to happen (and) watch over the next 12 months what is going to happen at Harmony Cove,† Bartlett told JLP supporters. (Jamaica Observer) The pier was estimated to hopefully bring in about US$ 500 million that will be able to be injected into the economy by the government. T he pier and the tourism from the pier have created a number of jobs for the local area. The Tourism Product Development Company had trained over 400 residents of Trelawney by February of 2011 in various aspects of tourism as the parish prepares for its debut in the rising and steadily increasing cruise shipping arena.All of these efforts were put in place in the hope that the government gets Trelawney ready for a new bustling area of tourism for Jamaica to invest in thanks to the Falmouth Cruise Ship Pier. Over US$ 50 million was spent on several aspects of the parish including training, aesthetic appearance, zinc fence removal, the creation of public parking areas and sanitary conveniences, the renovation of the historic Court House and many other improvements across the town of Falmouth to make it somewhere to visit again and more appealing. In addition to the training, over 1000 residents have been involved in tourism sensitization workshops.This aspect is very important aspect o f helping the tourists become more acclimatized to our culture rather than giving them a culture shock, an aspect that often leaves many visitors with bad first impression and can affect tourism. The enthusiasm behind our increasing cruise industry brings in the prospect of new investments. In 2006 the Port Authority of Jamaica and Royal Caribbean Cruise Limited (RCCL) signed a five year contract with each other, valued at over US$16. 5 million. This means that there will be a guarantee that the RCCL will provide a minimum of 2. million cruise passengers over the next five years and so gives us a dependable income. Additionally, the planned development of Falmouth as a brand new cruise port along with the planned expansion of the Port of Montego Bay are expected to boost the country’s chances of capitalizing from the changes in the industry. All of these changes in the ports will push the country to develop the other aspects to have a proper port like the marinas. Tourism Int egration and Social Friction Social friction causes many of the problems that come from ‘language’ barriers or rather problems that come from people not understanding each other.Another problem that arises is when tourists that come to visit get involved in the corruption or the horrible acts that people condone in Jamaica unfortunately. Also, bad impressions are also made when men are behaving inappropriately towards guests is something that would deter people from returning the island. Integration of the tourists into Jamaican society smoothly is a concern of many companies and can lead to many problems because of several reasons. The most apparent and anticipated one is the fact that not all people are comfortable with mixing with members of another race or are outspokenly racist.Jamaica’s majority is black and so the tourist that come in may not act respectfully towards the nationals. Jamaican culture is centered around mutual respect and so if they do not sh ow respect then the nationals don’t show any respect and the tourists, not understanding this, think that it is the Jamaican’s fault. This leads into the other problem that is cultural barriers. Jamaica’s culture is very strong and the people have a good sense of it. There are many beliefs and social norms that are different as would be visiting any country.Sometimes, unknowingly, a tourist may do something that is normal to them but is offensive to Jamaicans, especially in relation to homosexuals. Something that is known to bring women to the country is a service called ‘Rent-a-Dread’, where women will arrange from wherever they are to meet with a ‘dread’, a male escort that will be a companion for the women for as long as they have paid for. This is technically illegal because it is almost a form of prostitution. Unlike the weed services that are heavily advertised, this is kept more secret and is usually heard about from the friends of the women who have used it before.He problems that arise from this type of tourism is its conflict with sex trafficking laws and Jamaica’s laws pertaining to prostitution and the fact that it is illegal. Even though it can be portrayed as a tourist integration service, the participants are still using money in the transaction of pleasure from the â€Å"dread† to the woman. For Trelawney, from 2005, the feeling of crime increase coupled with the future plans for development made residents of the town uneasy and sentiments of interruption of the multi billion-dollar investment were shared among the community.Police statistics from 2005 showed an increase in the amount of shooting crimes in that area, increasing by nine to a total of 17. It was more worrying that this was all happening around the summer period. But of that same year there had been a decline in other forms of crime like break-ins or larceny. Even in the last year, 2011, Trelawney’s court had a fa ir share of crimes, most of which were reportedly sexually based crimes occurring very early within the year.But by the middle of the year the police force sought to correct the problems and made and effort to put in place a system that would help reduce crime. They employed the use of several classic methods, involving the community but mostly keeping abreast and alert to anything that was happening in the town to stay on top of it. In 2010 Trelawney had a record level of crime, dipping with 28 percent decrease in total crime for Jamaica, followed by 2011, which dipped by 27 percent by the March period of the year. Environmental DegradationOne of the main aspects of the environment that is damaged the most from interference of the tourist is the coral reef. As well as dealing with the tourist interaction, another aspect that is affecting the reefs are the increased levels of activity of the cruise ships coming in, especially with the addition of the Trelawney Pier. The coral reefs in the Caribbean are famous for how much life they have and for how clear it is. Untrained observers of the coral reef don’t understand the delicate balance of the reef and accidently throw it out of sync and cause the coral to start bleaching.A U. K. marine scientist M. J. C. Crabbe was quoted from his work Marine Environmental Research, which looked at Jamaica’s coral reefs and attributed the changes to several aspects of environmental interference in a bog known as the World Climate Report. His finding were entered in a September 13th 2010 entry by an admin of the blog, and was quoted as to saying that the corals state of health derived from Coastal development increase, overfishing, land being developed adjacent to reefs and the work being done on Jamaica’s north coast road development.He also went on to state that there had been improvement to the fringing corals in discovery bay at the end of 2008 and that there would have been hope but the fishermen of th e area did not implement the preservation tactics that were to be installed. Conclusion Jamaica spends a lot of money on the development of new facilities to generate more income. There are new attractions being built and put up all around the place. Construction and finishing of buildings and roads are happening fast and will be able to escalate our development in other areas of the country.A lot of the investments from foreign companies were not based on the best of contracts and so resulted in an exploitation of the country in the tax breaks and the cost of import for the foreign companies is lower, all done in hopes that it would create positive effects but it resulted in exploitation of the countries resources. There is hope that the resources will eventually gain stability and increase at a sustainable rate and continue into the future.With legislations and laws put in place to support sustainable development, Jamaica should be on the right track to being able to continue deve lopment on the tourist sector. The coral reefs are being protected by restriction s on aquatic traffic and sanctuaries. The building of hotels and attractions destroys the environment but with new legislations and building laws, they help support the environment and stimulate growth. I believe that Jamaica’s resources will be able to sustain development because of the current laws, legislations and systems put in place.Bibliography * http://statinja. gov. jm/ * http://www. visitjamaica. com/ * http://www. worldclimatereport. com/index. php/2010/09/13/coral-bleaching/ * http://www. vision2030. gov. jm/Portals/0/Speeches/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Overview%20of%20launch%20of%20Vision%202030%20Jamaica-%20National%20Development%20Plan,%20Popular%20Version. pdf * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/ * http://www. jamaicaobserver. com/ * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20050629/lead/lead4. html * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20110223/news/news91. html *

Candace Pert essays

Candace Pert essays Candace B. Pert is a leading researcher in the field of chemical receptors. Chemical receptors are places in the body where molecules of a drug or natural chemical, fit together and stimulate different physiological or emotional effects. As a graduate student, Candace Pert co-discovered the brains opiate receptors, areas that link painkilling substances. She later discovered endorphins which are the naturally occurring substances produced in the brain that relieve pain and produce sensations of pleasure. Candace Pert was born in New York City on June 26, 1946. She went to General Douglas MacArthur High School in Levittown, New York. Later, she attended Hofstra University but dropped out in 1966. She married Agu Pert in 1966 and the couple moved to Philadelphia. In 1966, Candace Pert gave birth to the first of the couples three children. In 1970, She earned her BA in biology and entered the doctoral pharmacology program at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Her first research assignment, working with Dr. Solomon Snyder, was to explore the mechanisms that regulate the bodys most important neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that react with other neurons in the body, which regulate the heart and other organs. In the summer of 1972, she found her next project, the search for opiate receptors. Opiate receptors were believed to exist, but trying to find them was another task. Using technology borrowed from identifying insulin receptors, Pert used radioactive drugs to identify receptor molecules that bonded with morphine and other opiate drugs in animal brain cells. She went on to investigate whether opiate receptors developed before birth. She used pregnant rats to evaluate the brains of the fetuses and found out that the opiate receptors were present during the fetal development. Pert and her coworkers wondered why opiate receptors existed. The scientist thought that there mig...

A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation-CTLLS Essay Essay Example

A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation-CTLLS Essay Essay A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation-CTLLS Essay Essay 5. A treatment of equality and diverseness issues relevant to the campaigners teaching/training state of affairs. Equality is guaranting persons or groups of persons are treated reasonably and every bit and no less favorably than others. Equality is about the rights of the scholars to go to and take part regardless of age. sex. race. gender reassignment. disablement. faith or belief. sexual orientation. marriage/civil partnership and gestation /maternity. Diversity is about recognizing and being tolerant of different positions which single people have. in footings of cultural backgrounds and different life style picks associating to any features they may hold. A diverse society is what we have as every person has a different civilization. belief and life experience to the following. Inclusion is about including all the scholars in ‘relevant activities instead than excepting them for any ground either straight or indirectly’ ( Gravells 2008 ) . ‘Every scholar has th e right to anticipate that they will have high quality larning appropriate to their demands and fortunes ion a safe and healthy environment. ’ ( Success for all: DfES 2002 ) . Inclusive instruction and acquisition is possible when promoted. In order to accomplish this I combine both the preparation rhythm and the acquisition manners from Kolb and Fry. These include utilizing Concrete experience. Abstract Conceptualisation. Active Experimentation and Observation and Reflection. Learners the blending up of which produces the acquisition styles that best suits a scholar. Internet Explorer ; Converger. Diverger. Assimilator and Accommodator. By guaranting the lessons accommodate all acquisition styles all scholars will experience inclusion. Along with the acquisition manners I would include relevant resource stuffs. If a scholar requires more intercession so I may necessitate to include the undermentioned ; extra schoolroom support. adapted or specific resources. peer support. varied presentation. content choice. cut downing or increasing clip for activities Along with my wise man Geri Walker I have written the 5 twenty-four hours initiation programme for new starting motors within the administration. This includes talks in capable affair utilizing power point presentation and notes ( abstract conceptualization ) . Direct favoritism occurs when you treat person below the belt due to at least the nine features discussed. Indirect favoritism occurs when a on the job status. environment or regulation disadvantages one group of people or individual more than another. As a instructor it is of import that to give equal support. you must non know apart and must non demo favoritism in any manner. A instructor should non enforce positions and sentiments on the scholars. It is necessary to guarantee that the scholars show self-respect and regard to others in the acquisition environment. A instructor must recognize that each scholar is different and accommodate for those differences wherever possible in the schoolroom. You should show your committedness to equal chances through everything you say and do in your work with big pupils. † ( Daines. Daines and Graham. 1993 ) . Geoff Petty s tates that: Differentiation is an attack to learning that attempts to guarantee that all pupils learn good. despite their many differences. Catch phrases which travel some manner to capturing this construct include: ‘Coping with differences’ . ‘Learning for all’ or ‘Success for all’ Peoples began to gain it was non merely ability that could be â€Å"mixed’’ and that instructors had to get by with differences: acquisition manner. age. motive. anterior acquisition and experience. gender. specific larning troubles such as dyslexia. and so on. Consequently the term ‘mixed ability’ began to be replaced by the less graphic term: ‘differentiation’ . It is of import to work in partnership with the scholar. acquire to cognize them. so that you can measure their ‘minimum core’ and what their acquisition demands are. If a scholar knows what is expected from them and you tell them what to anticipate from you. successful acquisition can be achieved. This may be achieved by recognizing the demands of a peculiar individual or group of people. The scholars within the Sessionss I teach include people with ; larning troubles. hearing damages. those whose first linguistic communication is non English. or those people who may necessitate extra support with literacy. linguistic communication. numeracy and ICT accomplishments. The scholars I teach come from different societal and cultural backgrounds and during learning I have had to esteem the undermentioned and accommodate. supplication times. Ramadan and different beliefs to mine without impacting on others. I need to be after my Sessionss to enable all scholars to take portion and achieve their single acquisition purposes. taking into history how I communicate with scholar ( e. g. utilizing appropriate vocabulary and terminology no abbreviations and slang. my remarks are non prejudiced or violative or that my organic structure linguistic communication is appropriate. I need to look into that the resources used are non- discriminatory or stereotyped. suited for the scholars demands so that all the scholars can take part. Teaching methods need to be varied and back up all acquisition manners. The learning environment demands to advance inclusion. e. g. for people with disablements. The Kennedy Report ( 1997 ) stressed the importance of doing larning accessible to all scholars. concentrating on people who may be disadvantaged due to societal. economic or educational background. These create barriers to larning that may forestall grownups from go oning developing their instruction e. g. def iciency of information. child care support. basic accomplishments and costs involved to analyze. MentionsDaines. JW et Al ( 2006 ) Adult Learning. Adult Teaching. 4th erectile dysfunction. Cardiff: Welsh Academic Press DfES ( 2002b ) Success for All. London: HMSOGravells. A. ( 2008 ) . fixing to learn in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector. 3rd erectile dysfunction. exeter: acquisition affairs Petty. G. ( 2004 ) Teaching Today: A practical usher. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Reisenberger A A ; Dadzie S ( 2002 ) . Equality and diverseness in grownup and community larning – a usher for directors. Niacehttp: //www. excellencegateway. org. uk/pdf/A1181. pdf Smith. M. K. ( 2001 ) . ‘David A. Kolb on experiential learning’ . the encyclopaedia of informal instruction. Retrieved 17/3/13 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. infed. org/b-explrn. htm.

Accident investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Accident investigation - Essay Example Furthermore, it acts to fulfil the legal framework and guidelines set aside by the Roads and Safety Department. Lastly, it act to prevent any blame via establishment of the causative agent of the accident, and therefore, mitigating it in case of any occurrence in future. In case of serious cases that my necessitate compensation, a final report is drawn out and forwarded to the insurance firms. The National Transportation Safety Board possess the mandate to conduct investigations to conducting all the civil aviation accidents. Additionally, they do control any release of hazardous materials in the environment in the course of transportation activities. The board has been accused of being quite hazy in implementation of its activities, hence leading to persistent occurrences of accidents. However, there is a need to intensify their investigation activities, both pre and post incident occurrences. The team should work together to prevent any occurrence of accidents by ensuring that no driver is intoxicated with alcohol and other drugs as they drive. The set policies such as speed limits, vehicles maintenance, roads, air, and rail maintenance should undergo regular checks and evaluations to ensure that they are up-to-date. Those caught with dangerous driving should receive heavy fines. Most significantly, the teams dealing with the causes of accident should be rich in skills, so that they may not assume even a single idea leading to the cause of the accident. Adoption of a strategic plan with number of accidents reduction should be in place. All these will aim at ensuring that NTSB remains reactive in the roles (Invest in Transportation,

Menstual Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Menstual Cycle - Essay Example Ovarian cycle is dependent on two of the three gonadotropic hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones include follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The follicular phase is controlled by the FSH, which includes days 1 to 14, and the luteal phase is controlled by LH, which includes days 15 to 28 of a 28 day (normal) cycle. At the commencement of each menstrual cycle, FSH stimulates follicle development. This result to estrogen production, causing maturation of the ovum contained within the follicle. Oestrogen levels increase as the follicle grows; this high level of oestrogen triggers the pituitary gland to release a surge of LH. This is a positive feedback effect as the levels of oestrogen will be high; causing the muscle and uterine lining layers to be thicker in anticipation of an embryo. This abrupt increase of LH results to the follicle bursting open. This act releases the mature ovum into the abdominal cavity. This proce ss (ovulation) takes place on day 14; the floating ovum is then drawn towards the fallopian tube and travels to the uterus (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). After ovulation, LH levels remain increased and cause the fragments of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone hormone. The work of progesterone is to maintain the uterus lining. If fertilization fails to take place, then, the corpus luteum disintegrates and the levels of oestrogen and progesterone drop. This drop is triggered by a negative feedback effect on the pituitary due to the combination of oestrogen and progesterone; causing the uterine lining to shrink menstruation commences. This marks the start of another of the follicular phase; which is again day one of the cycle (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008). In conclusion, if fertilization occurs, then the negative feedback effect on the pituitary will not be experienced as progesterone level will be produced